Вопрос № 922827 - Английский язык

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Building Construction
1. Building construction has its own history, which is marked by a number of trends. One of these trends is increasing durability of the materials. The first building materials were perishable such as leaves, branches and animal hides. Later people began to use more durable natural materials such as clay, stone, timber. Finally, synthetic materials such as bricks, concrete, metals, plastics were used in building.
2. Another trend is quest for buildings of greater height and span. It was possible by the development of stronger building materials and by knowledge of how materials behave and how to exploit them to greater advantage. The third trend involves the degree of control exercised over the interior environment of buildings: increasingly precise regulation of air temperature, light and sound levels, humidity, air speed.
3. All factors that affect human comfort become possible. A modern trend is change in energy of the construction progress, starting with human muscle power and developing toward the powerful machinery.
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Building Construction
1. Building construction has its own history, which is marked by a number of trends. One of these trends is increasing durability of the materials. The first building materials were perishable such as leaves, branches and animal hides. Later people began to use more durable natural materials such as clay, stone, timber. Finally, synthetic materials such as bricks, concrete, metals, plastics were used in building.
2. Another trend is quest for buildings of greater height and span. It was possible by the development of stronger building materials and by knowledge of how materials behave and how to exploit them to greater advantage. The third trend involves the degree of control exercised over the interior environment of buildings: increasingly precise regulation of air temperature, light and sound levels, humidity, air speed.
3. All factors that affect human comfort become possible. A modern trend is change in energy of the construction progress, starting with human muscle power and developing toward the powerful machinery.
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Egyptian Architecture
1. The architecture of Egypt developed from the 3rd millennium B.C. to the Roman period. During this period artists and craftsmen were drawn to the court to work under the patronage of the King and his great nobles. Techniques of the working in stone, wood and metal made tremendous progress. The most outstanding achievements of this period are massive funerary monuments and temples build of stone for permanence, featuring only post-and-lintel construction, corbel vaults without arches or vaulting, and pyramids.
2. This architecture gave the world the earliest building in dressed stone, invented the column, capital and cornice. Features characteristic of the ancient Egyptian architecture also include the obelisk, the steeply battered pylon, the symbolical lotus column, and incised relief decoration without any structural relevance.
3. The pyramids of the Old Kingdom, majestically planted on the desert edge, are the most spectacular of all funerary works and the only remained wonder of the world. The world’s first large-scale monument in stone is Zoser’s necropolis at Sahara, built it 2766 B.C. by the Imhotep, the earliest named architect. These monuments celebrated the divinity of the kings of Egypt, linking the people with the great gods of earth and sky.
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The column, capital and cornice are …

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Constructing Walls for Buildings
1. Walls may be constructed in different forms. The walls include windows and doors, heads and sills, stanchion casings and inner lining panels. The doors and windows provide for controlled passage of environmental factors and people through the wall line. The aluminium heads, sills and windows are fixed from inside the building. After this, the 900 mm and 1.800 mm wide exterior doors are installed. These doors are aluminum framed.
2. All walls are also designed to provide resistance to passage of fire for some defined period of time, such as a one-hour wall. The function of resisting fire is fulfilled by stanchions. The stanchions are enclosed in casings.
3. The walls are divided into interior and exterior walls. The exterior walls protect the building interior from external environmental effects such as heat and cold, sunlight, ultraviolet radiation, rain, sound, while containing desirable interior environmental conditions. The exterior walls are made up of brick cladding, wall planks. The wall planks are designed to be weatherproof and to support the outer cladding.
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Heat and cold, sunlight and rain, can be together called …

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Ancient Greek Architecture
1. The ambition of the ancient Greek architects was to discover eternally valid rules of form and proportion; to erect buildings human in scale yet suited to the divinity of their gods; to create, in other words, a classically ideal architecture. Their success may be measured by the fact that their works have been copied on and off for some 2,500 years and have never been superseded. The Greek derived much from other Mediterranean civilizations – the plan of the temple from Crete, the columnar form from Egypt, the capital from Assyria.
2. One of the greatest monuments of ancient Greek architecture is the Athenian Acropolis. The Acropolis, the Greek for upper town, stands on a low rocky hill and contains the ruins of several ancient Greek architectural monuments.
3. The Parthenon, a stately building with an eight – column facade honouring the goddess Athena, was built by Ictinus and Callicrates in 447-438 B.C. Next to the Parthenon is an Ionic temple of Athena, the Erechtheum, built by anonymous architect in 421-406 B.C. In has the unparalleled portrayal of a contemporary event on the frieze of the building. It also had to serve different cults, which meant that its architect had to design a building with three porches and three different floor levels.
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The term «acropolis» means in Greek …

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The Best Building Materials
1. Building materials are very important in the construction. But it is more important for any designer to select and adapt such building materials of construction that will give the most effective result by the most economical means. In this choice of materials for any work of constructions many factors must be considered by the civil engineer. These factors include availability, cost, physical properties of materials and others.
2. Practically, all buildings materials have their advantages and disadvantages. That's why some materials are used most widely in building construction for the purpose of binding together masonry units. Among them are lime, gypsum and cement.
3. Last material forms very important elements in all masonry structures, such as stone, a brick. Since the time of its introduction a gradual improvement of Portland cement quality has led to the elaboration of rapid hardening Portland cement, or «high early strength». Later developments include low heat and sulphateresisting cements. The scope for such purpose-made cements has led to the development of an increasing variety such as high alumina cement, blast-furnace slag. They may be also white and coloured cements.
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The main factors which affect the choice of building materials are …