Вопрос № 867081 - Английский язык

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Private law is that body of law that pertains to the relationships between individuals in an organized society. Private law encompasses the subjects of contracts, torts, and property. Each of these subjects includes several bodies of law. For example, the law of contracts may be subdivided into the subjects of sales, commercial paper, agency, and business organizations. Many subjects constitute the body of law usually referred to as business law.

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In many countries a distinction is made between private (or civil) and public law. Civil law concerns disputes among citizens within a country, and public law concerns disputes between citizens and the state, or between one state and another.
The main categories of English civil law are:
– Law of Contracts: binding agreements between people (or companies);
– Law of Torts: wrongs committed by one individual against another individual’s person, property or reputation;
– Law of Trusts: arrangements whereby a person administers property for another person’s benefit rather than his own Land Law;
– Probate Law: arrangements for dealing with property after the owner’s death;
– Family Law.
The main categories of public law are:
– Criminal Law: wrongs which, even when committed against an individual, are considered to harm the well-being of society in general;
– Constitutional Law: regulation of how the law operates and of the relation between private citizen and government;
– International Law: regulation of relations between governments and also between private citizens of one country and those of another.

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The law of property may be thought of as a branch of the law of contracts, but in many ways our concept of private property contains much more than the contract characteristics. Property is the basic ingredient in our economic system, and the subject matter may be subdivided into several areas such as wills, trusts, estates in land, personal property, bailment, and many more.

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An example of an agreement that obstructs 1_______ is compounding a crime. It involves accepting money or property in exchange for a promise not to 2_______ or not to inform on one who has committed a 3_______. If the injured party independently and voluntarily decides not to press criminal charges against the 4_______, then the criminal makes restitution by restoring the stolen property or its value to the owner.

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A waiver is the voluntary and intentional giving up of a 1_______ right. Although many rights may be waived, some may not, such as the 2_______ to workers’ minimum wages. 3_______ forbids agreements to pay less than legally prescribed minimum wages. Workers injured on the job must be given necessary medical care without charge, as well as financial help. A person may not 4_______ such a right.

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Persons in specified occupations and businesses have a 1_______ or permit. Physicians, teachers, lawyers, plumbers, electricians, pharmacists, real estate brokers, insurance agents, and building contractors are among such persons. Licensing 2_______ attempt to prevent incompetent and dishonest persons from harming the public. In any event, no 3_______ made by or with а person who 4_______ the required competency license may be enforced by the unlicensed person.