Вопрос № 1072319 - Английский язык

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Orientation and construction of buildings should receive special attention in places where environment and climatic factors have a significant effect. 1_______. For example, flat roofs should be avoided in areas with frequent rainfalls. Snow and wind are variable loads that should be taken into account while designing a structure and its roof. 2_______. Solar radiation can be also unpleasant, but if it is controlled, it can bring many advantages. 3_______. Location and coordination of all services must also be preplanned and located on a site plan, worked out in accordance with the local climatic conditions. 4_______. All conveniences must have ventilation, a cover, partitions and doors with suitable fastenings.

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Modern Architecture
1. Modern architecture is the term universally applied to the style of building, which evolved a number of countries after the First World War as the International Style and which has culminated in the current design of glass, concrete and steel based on module construction presently being erected all over the world.
2. In the early 20th century an instinctive desire of architects to break away from the confusions and contrivances of the 19th century, and their efforts to introduce a style which responded to new social needs and exploited new materials led to the changed appearance of buildings; simple rectangular outlines; avoidance of symmetry; absence of applied ornament; flat roofs and white walls, resulting from the use of reinforced concrete, now the favorite material; large windows, which new structural techniques permitted, but which were encouraged also by the spirit of the times, which believed in opening up the interiors of buildings to light and air.
3. Until the 1930s, Germany was the main center of new architecture because of the presence there of a unifying institution, the Bauhaus, a college of design, which became synonymous with modern teaching methods in architecture.
4. In the years after 1945 the emphasis was on town-planning and housing. This was the era of new towns, vast housing estates. In matters of architectural style, it became less a question of conflict between period revival and modern design than between buildings designed for effect and those that aimed at the creation of a modern vernacular and a humane and harmonious environment. The Modern Movement cannot be said to have had a clear historical end. It always exited concurrently with other ways of designing.
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What is steel as a construction material? Steel may be classified as iron with the controlled amount of carbon. The amount of carbon in steel is generally less than 1.7 per cent. Ordinary structural steel should contain less than three tenth of one per cent carbon. This kind of steel also contains small amounts of phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen and silicon. Like iron and its alloys, steel belongs to ferrous metals. It is hard substance. Accordingly, it can be pulled, forged and melted. Generally, steel, this strong metal, like other metals, is a good conductor of electricity. Alloyed steel and stainless steel are corrosion-resistant kinds of steel.
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Steel belongs to …

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The plastics that were unknown only a few decades ago have become extremely important and widely used for construction purposes. The plastics being used nowadays possess many advantages. First of all they are extremely light and their tensile strength is greater than that of many metals. Besides, they are weather-resistant and resistant to a great number of chemical substances. Some of the examples of the constructive use of plastic materials have been domes housing radar antennae and electronic equipment. Such domes built in America and Canada are as high as 116 feet.
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The tensile strength of plastics is …

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1) 1_______ flooring battens of the same wood.
2) Lay the parquet 2_______ only after all preparatory work has been done.
3) Parquet strips should be laid in the direction of the 3_______.
4) Every strip should be 4_______ toward the previously laid one.

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1) Tiles should be laid 1_______ after the mastic has been applied.
2) 2_______ the tiles tightly to the subfloor.
3) Cut the tiles with a 3_______.
4) For a better adhesion tap the 4_______ into position with a rubber mallet.