Вопрос № 605474 - Английский язык

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Activities involved in getting goods from the producer to the consumer are called Marketing. The producer is responsible for the design and manufacture of goods. Early marketing techniques followed production and were responsible only for moving goods from the manufacturer to the point of final sale. Now, however, marketing is much more pervasive. In large corporations the marketing functions precede the manufacture of a product. They involve market research and product development, design, and testing.
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The producer is responsible for ____________________.

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An important influence in marketing theory is the continuous and rapid change in consumer interests and desires. Consumers today are more sophisticated than those of past generations. They attend school for much longer; they are exposed to newspapers, magazines, movies, radio, television, and travel. Consumers also have much greater interaction with other people. Their demands are more exacting, and their taste changes more volatile. Markets tend to be segmented as each group calls for products suited to its particular tastes. «Positioning» the product - that is, determining the exact segment of the population that is likely to buy a product, and then developing a marketing campaign to enhance the product's image to fit that particular segment - requires great care and planning.
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Consumers also have much greater interaction with _______________________.

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Ecological concerns have affected product design and marketing, especially as the expense of product modification has increased the retail cost. Such forces, which have added to the friction between producer and consumer, must be understood by the marketer and integrated into a sound marketing program.
Even the way a firm handles itself in public life, that is, how it reacts to social and political issues, has become significant. The public’s dissatisfaction with the actions and attitudes of a firm has sometimes led to a reduction in sales; conversely, consumer enthusiasm, generated by a firm’s intentional establishment of a good public image or public relations, has led to increased sales.
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Ecological concerns have affected ____________________.

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Perhaps nothing is more conducive to the success of a firm than the image that it conveys of itself to the public. The marketing activities of a company, because they act directly on the consumer, do most to shape this image and thus must be developed with great care. As marketing has become increasingly more complex, a need has arisen for executives trained in the social sciences who also possess statistical, mathematical, and computer backgrounds. Many colleges and universities now have programs designed to train marketing executives. Courses are offered at the undergraduate and the graduate level in such specialized fields as advertising, administrative practices, financial management, production, human relations, retailing, and personnel administration.
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Many colleges and universities now have programs designed to __________________.

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The pyramid of management cannot be ideal, as well as it is impossible to draw an ideal picture or to write an ideal poem. The present world of standards and computer control systems differs a lot from that we had some centuries before. However, these are just tools like artful screwdrivers in the hands of mechanics, allowing to operate more intensive administrative flows, and no more than that. Their efficiency and the volume of use depend on experts in business organization and introduction, who get certain orders from those who build the management pyramid. It is very important, that the creator himself set the tasks, as a rule by the main technologist. Business negotiations with partners and maintenance of one’s own interests are quite different from the routine creation of the system, the artful construction of mechanisms of business flows, the coordination of the effective schemes with the executors, and the creation of ergonomic interfaces. As a result there should be a prompt reaction of the system to the accepted decisions, the reaction being adequate on all levels.
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The present world of standards and computer control systems differs a lot from that we had ____________________.

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