Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос: What is the purpose of milling The purpose of milling is to s...: ответ на тест 153429 - Английский язык

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What is the purpose of milling?
The purpose of milling is to separate the wheat endosperm (the source of flour) from the germ and the bran layers, and to reduce the endosperm chunks to a fine powder. In conventional milling processes this is accomplished by passing the wheat kernels and their products through a series of pairs of rolls and sieves. The initial sets of rolls break open the seed coat and strip out the friable endosperm.
Subsequent sets of rolls grind the products finer, or perform other essential functions such as flattering the germ which facilitates its separation from the endosperm. At each stage, stacks of screens separate the ground material into several streams. These streams may be further processed by grinding, they may be drawn off for seed, or they may be combined to yield flours of different qualities.
By selecting the proper streams, the miller can furnish flours of widely varying quality from the same wheat blend. Of course, the inherent quality of the wheat places an upper limit on the excellence of flour which can be obtained from it. Ordinarily, about 70 % of the wheat kernel, emerges as flour of some sort.

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What are extracted in the wheat cleaning operations?
Most flour milling operations, apart from the grinding of wheat and mill stocks, consist of making separations between particles of different types. In the wheat cleaning operations that precede the milling process the straws, sand, foreign seeds and other impurities are extracted; in the milling process itself the wheat is broken down into bran on one hand and variously sized endosperm particles on the other; the bran must be separated from the endosperm, and the endosperm particles must themselves be classified according to their size. The objects of wheat cleaning are to remove all impurities and foreign seeds from the wheat before it is milled. A variety of different seeds and foreign bodies can be found in wheat. Some of the impurities are toxic to the human body, others are less harmful but may import a taint to the flour.

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THE AMERICAN ECONOMY AT THE END OF THE 20TH CENTURY

1. The United States entered the 21st century with an economy that was bigger, and by many measures more successful, than ever. Not only had it endured two world wars and a global depression in the first half of the 20th century, but it had surmounted challenges ranging from a 40-year Cold War with the Soviet Union to extended bouts of sharp inflation, high unemployment, and enormous government budget deficits in the second half of the century. The nation finally enjoyed a period of economic calm in the 1990s: prices were stable, unemployment dropped to its lowest level in almost 30 years, the government posted a budget surplus, and the stock market experienced an unprecedented boom. In 1998, America’s gross domestic product exceeded $8.5 trillion.

2. Though the United States held less than 5 percent of the world’s population, it accounted for more than 25 percent of the world’s economic output. Japan, the world’s second largest economy, produced about half as much. And while Japan and many of the world’s other economies grappled with slow growth and other problems in the 1990s, the American economy recorded the longest uninterrupted period of expansion in its history.

3. As in earlier periods, however, the United States had been undergoing profound economic change at the beginning of the 21st century. A wave of technological innovations in computing, telecommunications, and the biological sciences were profoundly affecting how Americans work and play.

4. The United States remains a “market economy.” Americans continue to believe that an economy generally operates best when decisions about what to produce and what prices to charge for goods are made through the give-and-take of millions of independent buyers and sellers, not by government or by powerful private interests. In a free market system, Americans believe, prices are most likely to reflect the true value of things, and thus can best guide the economy to produce what is most needed.
‘Continuity and Change’ http://usinfo.state.gov
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America is the world’s largest economy.