Вопрос № 1072586 - Английский язык

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In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of some semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to the external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much larger than the controlling (input) power, transistors provide amplification of a signal. A transistor is a fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and it is used in radios, telephones, computers and other electronic systems. Some transistors are packaged individually but most of them are found in integrated circuits.
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The two types of transistors (a bipolar transistor and a field-effect transistor) have slight differences in how they are used in the circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals (labelled bases), a collector and an emitter. A small current at base terminal can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labelled gates, sources, and drains, and the voltage at the gate can control the current between the source and the drain.
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The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals. This property is called a gain. The transistor can control its output in proportion to the input signal, that is, it can act as an amplifier. Transistor also can be used to turn current on or off in a circuit like an electrically controlled switch, where the amount of current is determined by other circuit elements.
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In electronics, an integrated circuit (IС) (a microcircuit, a microchip, a silicon chip, or a chip) is a miniaturized electronic 1_______, consisting mainly of semiconductor 2_______ that have been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor 3_______. Integrated circuits are used in almost all electronic equipment today and have revolutionized the 4_______ of electronics.

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Only a half century after their development, integrated circuits have become ubiquitous. Computers, cellular 1_______, and other digital appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies. That is, modern computing, communications, manufacturing and transport systems, including the Internet, all 2_______ on the existence of integrated 3_______. Indeed, many scholars believe that the digital revolution – brought by the microchip 4_______ – was one of the most significant occurrences in the history of humankind.

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Integrated circuits can be classified into analog, digital and mixed signal (both analog and digital on the same chip).
Digital integrated 1_______ can contain something from one to millions of logic gates, flip-flops, multiplexers, and other circuits in a few square millimeters. A small size of these circuits 2_______ high speed, low power dissipation and reduced manufacturing cost.
Analog ICs, such as sensors, power management circuits, and operational amplifiers, work by processing continuous signals. They perform 3_______ like amplification, active filtering, demodulation, mixing, etc.
ICs can also combine analog and digital circuits on a single chip to create functions such as A/D converters and D/A converters. Such circuits offer smaller size and 4_______ cost.