Вопрос № 605472 - Английский язык

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Marketing concentrates primarily on the buyers, or consumers, determining their needs and desires, educating them with regard to the availability of products and to important product features, developing strategies to persuade them to buy, and, finally, enhancing their satisfaction with a purchase. Marketing management includes planning, organizing, directing, and controlling decision making regarding product lines, pricing, promotion, and servicing. In most of these areas marketing has complete control; in others, as in product-line development, its function is primarily advisory. The marketing department of a business firm is responsible for the physical distribution of the products, determining the channels of distribution that will be used and supervising the profitable flow of goods from the factory or warehouse.
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The marketing department of a business firm is responsible for _________________.

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Marketing research involves the use of surveys, tests, and statistical studies to analyze consumer trends and to forecast the quantity and locale of a market favourable to the profitable sale of products or services. The social sciences are increasingly utilized in customer research. Psychology and sociology, for example, by providing clues to people’s activities, circumstances, wants, desires, and general motivation, are keys to understanding the various behavioural patterns of consumers.
Coupled with applications from the social sciences has been the introduction of modern measuring methods when surveys are made to determine the extent of markets for a particular product. The modern measuring methods include the use of statistics and the utilization of computers to determine trends in consumers’ desires for various products.
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The modern measuring methods include the use of statistics and the utilization of computers to determine trends in consumers’ desires _____________________.

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Competition has sharply intensified, as the number of firms engaged in producing similar products has increased. Each firm tries to differentiate its products from those of its competitors. Profit margins, meaning the profit percentages made by a business per dollar of sales, are constantly being lessened. While costs continue to rise, competition tends to keep prices down. The result is a narrowing spread between costs and selling prices, and an increase in a business’ sales volume is necessary to maintain or increase profit.
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Each firm tries to differentiate its products from those of ____________________.

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The consumer movement, that is, the insistence on reputable products and services by consumer groups, gives every indication of becoming a permanent influence on marketing techniques. Both consumer groups and government agencies have intensified their scrutiny of products, challenging such diverse elements as product design, length and legitimacy of warranty, and promotional tactics. New legislation has generally defined and extended the manufacturer’s responsibility for product performance.
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The consumer movement gives every indication of becoming a permanent influence on ___________________.

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Ecological concerns have affected product design and marketing, especially as the expense of product modification has increased the retail cost. Such forces, which have added to the friction between producer and consumer, must be understood by the marketer and integrated into a sound marketing program.
Even the way a firm handles itself in public life, that is, how it reacts to social and political issues, has become significant. The public’s dissatisfaction with the actions and attitudes of a firm has sometimes led to a reduction in sales; conversely, consumer enthusiasm, generated by a firm’s intentional establishment of a good public image or public relations, has led to increased sales.
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Ecological concerns have affected ____________________.

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Perhaps nothing is more conducive to the success of a firm than the image that it conveys of itself to the public. The marketing activities of a company, because they act directly on the consumer, do most to shape this image and thus must be developed with great care. As marketing has become increasingly more complex, a need has arisen for executives trained in the social sciences who also possess statistical, mathematical, and computer backgrounds. Many colleges and universities now have programs designed to train marketing executives. Courses are offered at the undergraduate and the graduate level in such specialized fields as advertising, administrative practices, financial management, production, human relations, retailing, and personnel administration.
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Many colleges and universities now have programs designed to __________________.