Вопрос № 916939 - Английский язык

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Enforcing the law
1. Governments have many ways to be sure that citizens obey the law. They explain to the public what the law is and try to provide social support for law and order. They use police forces to investigate crimes and catch criminals. They use courts to complete the investigation of criminal and civil offences and to pass sentences to punish the guilty and deter others. And they try to re-educate and reform people who have broken the law. Which of these is most effective in enforcing the law?
 2. The laws of all countries are in written records – the legal codes of countries, etc. Many people do not know where to find these records. But ignorance of the law is almost never a defence for breaking it. Governments usually expect citizens to know the laws. However, there are many laws, such as those prohibiting theft, assault and dangerous driving, which simply reflect social and moral attitudes to everyday behavior. In such cases a person knows he is breaking the law, even if he doesn't know exactly which law it is.
Ответьте на вопрос
What are the main functions of the police in enforcing the law?

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Enforcing the law
1. Governments have many ways to be sure that citizens obey the law. They explain to the public what the law is and try to provide social support for law and order. They use police forces to investigate crimes and catch criminals. They use courts to complete the investigation of criminal and civil offences and to pass sentences to punish the guilty and deter others. And they try to reeducate and reform people who have broken the law. Which of these is most effective in enforcing the law?
 2. The laws of all countries are in written records – the legal codes of countries, etc. Many people do not know where to find these records. But ignorance of the law is almost never a defence for breaking it. Governments usually expect citizens to know the laws. However, there are many laws, such as those prohibiting theft, assault and dangerous driving, which simply reflect social and moral attitudes to everyday behavior. In such cases a person knows he is breaking the law, even if he doesn't know exactly which law it is.
Определите основную идею текста.

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
The jury
1. In England a person accused of crime must always be presumed innocent until he has been proven guilty. If a criminal case is serious it is always investigated with a jury. What is a jury and how does it function?
2. There are 12 members of the jury both men and women. There are quite a lot of people in England who think that 12 ordinary men and women are not capable of understanding properly all the evidence given at criminal trials. But there is no doubt about it because judges are great experts in summing up the evidence. The judge calls the jury's attention to all most important points in the evidence. He favoures neither prosecution nor defence. The members of the jury decide only the questions of fact. Questions of law are for the judge. The jury retires to a private room to consider the verdict. If the jury cannot agree, they must be discharged and a new jury is formed.
3. A verdict has to be unanimous. English law requires that the guilt of an accused man must be proved 'beyond reasonable doubt'. When the jury returns to the courtroom, they have to give only one answer «Guilty» or «Not guilty».
Ответьте на вопрос
What happens if the jury cannot come to an agreement about the verdict?

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Human rights
1. Most of the law in the world is made by governments for their own people. But human rights are independent of any political divisions. They are basic minimum standards of freedom and security for all people. When governments do not meet these standards, they are criticized by their own citizens and even by foreign governments. Sometimes some countries impose economic sanction against those countries where human rights are violated. For example, many countries have limited trade to South Africa because of policy of apartheid.
2. As a rule, human rights are violated when governments violate their own constitutions, and very often their policies make citizens to escape to another country. But legally, most countries of the world have signed international agreements concerning the treatment of individuals. The most important agreement is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) adopted by UN General Assembly in 1948. Article 1 of UDHR declares that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights, and Article 2 states that it does not depend upon race, color, sex, language, religion or any other difference among people.
Ответьте на вопрос
What are human rights?

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
The state
1. The state has an important part to play in making and enforcing law. But what is a state? It is a political unit with a territory that the international community treats as independent, for example the United Kingdom, Barbados or Japan. Law settles how the state is to be governed (its constitution), what duties it owes its citizens, and what duties they owe to one another and to it. The law of the state consists of a system of government, together with a framework for making the life of citizens more secure and for enabling them to flourish.
2. Since each state has its own system of law, there are many legal systems: the law of the United Kingdom, Barbados, Japan, etc. The laws of states differ a bit but also have much in common. Legal systems are called systems because in each state or part of a state with its own laws there are official bodies concerned with the whole of its law. These bodies – the branches of the state – are the legislature, which makes laws, the executive government, which puts laws into effect, and the judges, who decide disputes about the law. These branches of government try to see that the laws do not conflict with one another. In other words, they treat the laws as pans of a system that hangs together.
Ответьте на вопрос
What are the aims of the law concerned with?

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
The jury
1. In England a person accused of crime must always be presumed innocent until he has been proven guilty. If a criminal case is serious it is always investigated with a jury. What is a jury and how does it function?
2. There are 12 members of the jury both men and women. There are quite a lot of people in England who think that 12 ordinary men and women are not capable of understanding properly all the evidence given at criminal trials. But there is no doubt about it because judges are great experts in summing up the evidence. The judge calls the jury's attention to all most important points in the evidence. He favoures neither prosecution nor defence. The members of the jury decide only the questions of fact. Questions of law are for the judge. The jury retires to a private room to consider the verdict. If the jury cannot agree, they must be discharged and a new jury is formed.
3. A verdict has to be unanimous. English law requires that the guilt of an accused man must be proved 'beyond reasonable doubt'. When the jury returns to the courtroom, they have to give only one answer «Guilty» or «Not guilty».
Определите основную идею текста.