Вопрос № 1072309 - Английский язык

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Building construction has its own history, which is marked by a number of trends. Let’s describe some of them. One of these trends is increasing durability of the materials. The first building materials were perishable. We mention leaves, branches and animal hides. Later people began to use more durable natural materials such as clay, stone, timber. Finally, synthetic materials such as bricks, concrete, metals, plastics were used in building.

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The property of bodies of returning, after unloading, to their initial form is called elasticity. It is said that the body is perfectly elastic if it recovers its original shape completely after unloading; it is partially elastic if the deformation, produced by the external forces, does not disappear completely after unloading. In the case of a perfectly elastic body, the work done by the external forces during deformation will be completely transformed into the potential energy of strain. In the case of a partially elastic body, part of the work done by the external forces during deformation will be dissipated in the form of heat which will be developed in the body during non-elastic deformation. Experiments show that such structural materials as steel, wood, and stone may be considered as perfectly elastic within certain limits.
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The body is perfectly elastic if it recovers its original shape completely _____________.

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In order to have shelter provided with modern services and accommodations, people all over the world use many different construction materials and arrange them into different constructions. Since prehistoric times these constructions have served as shelter and accommodation for a man, a group of people, a family, a few families, many families, an organization, or an enterprise.
What are the branches modern civil construction has? Among the branches the main ones are housing construction, construction of industrial enterprises, construction of railroads, highways, subways, construction of bridges, dams, ports, canals, construction of different sporting facilities.

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Metals began to be widely used as construction materials not so long ago. Before the beginning of the nineteenth century metals played little structural role in the process of building. Mostly they served for joining parts of buildings. The ancient Greeks and Romans are known to use bronze for joining slabs of stone.
It was only in the eighteenth century when the first all-metal structure was built in Europe. It was a cast-iron bridge across the river Severn in England. The strength of the bridge turned out to be so great that now, more than two centuries after its construction, it still carries heavy modern traffic across the Severn.
In the first half of the nineteenth century cast iron and wrought iron were introduced and used for industrial construction in Europe and North America.

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The main functions of windows are light and ventilation. 1_______. In those faraway days windows were frequently produced in shops. 2_______. What are the necessary components of a window? 3_______. The area of glass in windows of different types is determined according to the regulations. 4_______.

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Prestressed concrete is a relatively young product. 1_______. The reason of its popularity is its usefulness. 2_______. In prestressed concrete, concrete is combined with steel. 3_______. For this reason any member of beam is under constant compression and as a result has no cracks. 4_______.