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Вопрос № 1077959 - Английский язык

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Poliomyelitis
1. Poliomyelitis is an acute, viral, infectious disease spread from person to person, primarily via the fecal-oral route. The term means inflammation of the spinal cord’s grey matter, although a severe infection can extend into the brainstem and even higher structures, resulting in polioencephalitis, producing apnea that requires mechanical assistance such as an iron lung.
2. Although approximately 90% of polio infections cause no symptoms at all, affected individuals can exhibit a range of symptoms if the virus enters the blood stream. In about 1% of cases, the virus enters the central nervous system, preferentially infecting and destroying motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and acute flaccid paralysis. Different types of paralysis may occur, depending on the nerves involved. Spinal polio is the most common form, characterized by asymmetric paralysis that most often involves the legs. Bulbar polio leads to weakness of muscles innervated by cranial nerves. Bulbospinal polio is a combination of bulbar and spinal paralysis.
3. Poliomyelitis was first recognized as a distinct condition by Jakob Heine in 1840. Its causative agent, poliovirus, was identified in 1908 by Karl Landsteiner. Although major polio epidemics were unknown before the late 19th century, polio was one of the most dreaded childhood diseases of the 20th century. Polio epidemics have crippled thousands of people, mostly young children; the disease has caused paralysis and death for much of human history. Polio had existed for thousands of years quietly as an endemic pathogen until the 1880s, when major epidemics began to occur in Europe; soon after, widespread epidemics appeared in the United States.
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When did people reveal the pathogen of poliomyelitis?
Варианты ответов
  • Until the 21st century poliomyelitis was considered an incurable disease.
  • People recognized poliomyelitis as a distinct condition in 1840.
  • Major epidemics of poliomyelitis broke out at the close of the 19th century.
  • Poliovirus causing poliomyelitis was identified in 1908.
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Вопрос задал(а): Анонимный пользователь, 13 Ноябрь 2020 в 19:23
На вопрос ответил(а): Анастасия Степанова, 13 Ноябрь 2020 в 19:23

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Вопрос № 1077965

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Poliomyelitis
1. Poliomyelitis is an acute, viral, infectious disease spread from person to person, primarily via the fecal-oral route. The term means inflammation of the spinal cord’s grey matter, although a severe infection can extend into the brainstem and even higher structures, resulting in polioencephalitis, producing apnea that requires mechanical assistance such as an iron lung.
2. Although approximately 90% of polio infections cause no symptoms at all, affected individuals can exhibit a range of symptoms if the virus enters the blood stream. In about 1% of cases, the virus enters the central nervous system, preferentially infecting and destroying motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and acute flaccid paralysis. Different types of paralysis may occur, depending on the nerves involved. Spinal polio is the most common form, characterized by asymmetric paralysis that most often involves the legs. Bulbar polio leads to weakness of muscles innervated by cranial nerves. Bulbospinal polio is a combination of bulbar and spinal paralysis.
3. Poliomyelitis was first recognized as a distinct condition by Jakob Heine in 1840. Its causative agent, poliovirus, was identified in 1908 by Karl Landsteiner. Although major polio epidemics were unknown before the late 19th century, polio was one of the most dreaded childhood diseases of the 20th century. Polio epidemics have crippled thousands of people, mostly young children; the disease has caused paralysis and death for much of human history. Polio had existed for thousands of years quietly as an endemic pathogen until the 1880s, when major epidemics began to occur in Europe; soon after, widespread epidemics appeared in the United States.
Основной идеей текста является …
Poliomyelitis is an acute, viral, infectious disease which affects the spinal cord’s grey matter resulting in dysfunction of the central nervous system leading to muscle weakness and different types of paralysis.
The term of «poliomyelitis» means inflammation of the spinal cord’s grey matter, although in a more severe form infection can extend into the brainstem and even higher structures leading to polioencephalitis.
Though the causative agent of poliomyelitis, poliovirus, was identified by Karl Landsteiner in 1908, a lot of children in Europe and in the United States suffered from this dreaded disease in the 20th century.
Poliomyelitis is an acute, viral, infectious disease being especially serious for children which is characterized by inflammation of the spinal cord’s grey matter caused by poliovirus identified in 1908 by Karl Landsteiner.

Вопрос № 1077947

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Poliomyelitis
1. Poliomyelitis is an acute, viral, infectious disease spread from person to person, primarily via the fecal-oral route. The term means inflammation of the spinal cord’s grey matter, although a severe infection can extend into the brainstem and even higher structures, resulting in polioencephalitis, producing apnea that requires mechanical assistance such as an iron lung.
2. Although approximately 90% of polio infections cause no symptoms at all, affected individuals can exhibit a range of symptoms if the virus enters the blood stream. In about 1% of cases, the virus enters the central nervous system, preferentially infecting and destroying motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and acute flaccid paralysis. Different types of paralysis may occur, depending on the nerves involved. Spinal polio is the most common form, characterized by asymmetric paralysis that most often involves the legs. Bulbar polio leads to weakness of muscles innervated by cranial nerves. Bulbospinal polio is a combination of bulbar and spinal paralysis.
3. Poliomyelitis was first recognized as a distinct condition by Jakob Heine in 1840. Its causative agent, poliovirus, was identified in 1908 by Karl Landsteiner. Although major polio epidemics were unknown before the late 19th century, polio was one of the most dreaded childhood diseases of the 20th century. Polio epidemics have crippled thousands of people, mostly young children; the disease has caused paralysis and death for much of human history. Polio had existed for thousands of years quietly as an endemic pathogen until the 1880s, when major epidemics began to occur in Europe; soon after, widespread epidemics appeared in the United States.
Содержанию текста соответствует утверждение …
Poliomyelitis can be passed on via blood products.
First of all poliomyelitis affects the blood circulatory system.
Mostly adults have suffered from poliomyelitis in the last century.
In rare cases the virus of poliomyelitis penetrates the central nervous system.

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Вопрос № 1077960

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A vitamin
1. A vitamin is an organic compound required by an organism as a vital nutrient in limited amounts. An organic chemical compound is called a vitamin when it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet.
2. Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Some have hormone-like functions as regulators of mineral metabolism (such as vitamin D), or regulators of cell and tissue growth and differentiation (such as some forms of vitamin A). Others function as antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E and sometimes vitamin C). The largest number of vitamins (such as B complex vitamins) functions as precursors for enzyme cofactors that help enzymes in their work as catalysts in metabolism.
3. Until the mid-1930s, when the first commercial yeast-extract vitamin B complex and semi-synthetic vitamin C supplement tablets were sold, vitamins were obtained solely through food intake, and changes in diet (which, for example, could occur during a particular growing season) usually greatly altered the types and amounts of vitamins ingested. However, vitamins have been produced as commodity chemicals and made widely available as inexpensive semisynthetic and synthetic-source multivitamin dietary and food supplements and additives, since the middle of the 20th century.
Основной идеей текста является …
People began to take vitamins through food intake for their health improvement on a large scale since the middle of the 20th century.
People rely on different kinds of vitamins for their ability of accomplishing a number of vitally important functions in their organisms.
People need to obtain different kinds of vitamins because all of them accomplish diverse biochemical functions in their organisms.
Vitamins being vital nutrients accomplishing different functions in our organisms became widely produced as commodity chemicals only since the middle of the last century.

Вопрос № 1077961

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Biology of Psychiatric Disorders
1. Psychiatric disorders are a diverse group of brain disorders with symptoms that primarily involve emotion, higher cognitive function, and the ability to control complex behaviors.
2. The major psychiatric disorders are common and often run a chronic course. The chronic disorders include anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia. Other psychiatric disorders such as depressive disorders recur across the life span, but even bipolar disorder, classically characterized as episodic, can run a chronic course.
3. The symptoms of psychiatric disorders often begin early, impairing the ability of children and adolescents to learn and compromising the functioning of adults at work and in other life roles. As a result of their high prevalence, early onset, and persistence, psychiatric disorders contribute substantially to the burden of illness in all countries in which they have been studied. In the United States they are not only a leading cause of disability but also a significant cause of premature death, because mood disorders, schizophrenia, and to some extent other psychiatric disorders constitute the most potent risk factors for suicide, a leading cause of death worldwide.
Основной идеей текста является …
In the United States and other countries some psychiatric disorders can represent the most serious risk factors for suicide.
Psychiatric disorders are brain disorders with symptoms involving emotion, higher cognitive function, and the ability to control complex behaviors.
Psychiatric disorders are brain disorders which mostly run a chronic course but some of them can recur across the life span.
Psychiatric disorders often being chronic don’t allow people to realize themselves in society completely and can be hazardous to health.

Вопрос № 1077962

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Blood glucose level
1. The blood sugar concentration or blood glucose level is the amount of glucose (sugar) present in the blood of a human or animal. The body naturally tightly regulates blood glucose levels as a part of metabolic homeostasis.
2. Glucose is the primary source of energy for the body’s cells, and blood lipids (in the form of fats and oils) are primarily a compact energy store. Glucose is transported from the intestines or liver to body cells via the bloodstream, and is made available for cell absorption via the hormone insulin, produced by the body primarily in the pancreas.
3. The mean normal blood glucose level in humans is about 5.5 mmol/L; however, this level fluctuates throughout the day. Glucose levels are usually lowest in the morning, before the first meal of the day (termed «the fasting level»), and rise after meals for an hour or two by a few millimolar.
4. Blood sugar levels outside the normal range may be an indicator of a medical condition. A persistently high level is referred to as hyperglycemia; low levels are referred to as hypoglycemia. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, and is the most prominent disease related to failure of blood sugar regulation. Intake of alcohol causes an initial surge in blood sugar, and later tends to cause levels to fall. Also, certain drugs can increase or decrease glucose levels.
Основной идеей текста является …
People should be aware of their blood glucose level taking blood tests regularly as its abnormality can impair their health.
The blood sugar concentration is the amount of glucose present in the blood of a human or animal being the primary source of energy for body cells.
The average normal blood glucose level in humans constitutes approximately 5.5 mmol/L and it can be changed throughout the day.
Blood glucose level is characterized by its minor fluctuation throughout the day but its substantial abnormality leads to serious diseases.

Вопрос № 1077963

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Drugs
1. In fact, all medicines are drugs. You take drugs for your headache or your asthma. But you need to remember that not all drugs are medicines. Alcohol is a drug, and nicotine is a drug. There are many drugs that do you no good at all. There’s nothing wrong with medicinal drugs if they’re used properly. The trouble is, some people use them wrongly and make themselves ill. Most of the drugs are illegal, but some are ordinary medical substances that people use in the wrong way.
2. People take drugs because they think they make them feel better. Young people are often introduced to drug-taking by their friends. Many users take drugs to escape from a life that may seem too hard to bear. Drugs may seem the only answer, but they are no answer at all. They simply make the problem worse. Depending on the type and strength of the drug, all drug-abusers are in danger of developing side effects. Drugs can bring on confusion and frightening hallucinations and cause unbalanced emotions or more serious mental disorders.
3. First-time heroin users are sometimes violently sick. Cocaine, even in small amounts, can cause sudden death in some young people, due to heartbeat irregularities. Children born to drug-addicted parents can be badly affected. Regular users may become constipated and girls can miss their periods. Some drugs can slow, even stop the breathing process, and if someone overdoses accidentally they may become unconscious or even die.
Основной идеей текста является …
Medicinal drugs can be dangerous for people’s health in case they are used in the wrong way.
Drug-abusers endanger not only their health and life, but also health and life of their children.
The problem of drug-taking should be a great concern for people of all ages and genders.
Taking drugs doesn’t only help people solve any life problems but also ruins their health.
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