Вопрос № 223382 - Английский язык

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Some people have good memories and easily learn long poems by heart. But they often forget them quickly. Other people remember things when they say them over and over. A good memory is a great help.
The best way to remember things is to join them in our mind with something which we know already.
The human mind is like a camera, but it takes photographs not only of what we see but of what we feel, hear, smell and taste.
Memory is the diary that we all carry about with us.
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Which way is the best to remember things?

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The Stage Model of Memory
1. Sensory memory is the earliest stage of memory. During this stage, sensory information from the environment is stored for a very brief period of time, generally for no longer than a half-second for visual information and 3 or 4 seconds for auditory information. We attend to only certain aspects of this sensory memory, allowing some of this information to pass into the next stage - short-term memory.
2. Short-term memory, also known as active memory, is the information we are currently aware of or thinking about. In Freudian psychology, this memory would be referred to as the conscious mind. Paying attention to sensory memories generates the information in short-term memory. Most of the information stored in active memory will be kept for approximately 20 to 30 seconds. The amount of information that can be stored in short-term memory can vary. An often cited figure is plus or minus seven items. While many of our short-term memories are quickly forgotten, attending to this information allows it to continue on the next stage - long-term memory.
3. Long-term memory refers to the continuing storage of information. In Freudian psychology, long-term memory would be call the preconscious and unconscious. This information is largely outside of our awareness, but can be called into working memory to be used when needed. Some of this information is fairly easy to recall, while other memories are much more difficult to access. The ability to access and retrieve information from long-term memory allows us to actually use these memories to make decisions, interact with others and solve problems.
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How long is information stored in short-term memory?

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In 1890 Pavlov began to lecture on physiology in the Military Academy.
Many of Pavlov’s ideas were new to the students and he was a very popular lecturer. His lectures were very simple and clear. He did not use notes since his memory was wonderful. He allowed students to interrupt him and gladly answered their questions.
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Why did not Pavlov use the notes during his lectures?

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Dentists always ask questions when it is impossible for you to answer. My dentist had just pulled out one of my teeth and had told me to read for a while. I tried to say something, but my mouth was full of cotton-wool. He knew I collected birds’ eggs and asked me whether my collection was growing. He then asked me how my brother was and whether I liked my new job in London. In answer to these questions I either nodded or made strange noises. Meanwhile, my tongue was busy searching out the hole where the tooth had been. I suddenly felt very worried, but could not say anything when the dentist at last removed the cotton-wool from my mouth. I was able to tell him that he had pulled out the wrong tooth.
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Why did she feel very worried?

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After reading an article entitled “Cigarette Smoking and Your Health” I lit a cigarette to calm my nerves. I smoked with concentration and pleasure as I was sure that this would be my last cigarette. For a whole week I did not smoke at all and during this time, my wife suffered terribly. I had all the usual symptoms of someone giving up smoking: a bad temper and an enourmous appetite. My friends kept on offering me cigarettes and cigars. They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever I produced a packet of sweets for my pocket. After seven days of this I went to a party. Everybody around me was smoking and I felt extremely uncomfortable. When my old friend Brian urged me to accept a cigarette, it was more than I could bear. I took one guiltily, lit it and smoked with satisfaction. My wife was delighted that things had returned to normal once more. Anyway, as Brian pointed out, it is the easiest thing in the world to give up smoking. He himself has done it lots of times.
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How long didn’t he smoke at all?

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Medical technology will have conquered many diseases. Today, there are electronic devices that connect directly to the brain to help people heat. By 2050, we will be able to help blind and deaf people to see and hear again.
Scientists will have discovered clones of animals. By 2050, scientists will be able to produce clones of people, and decide how they look, how they behave and how much intelligence they have. Scientists will be able to do these things – but should they?
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What have scientists already produced?