Вопрос № 912200 - Английский язык

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Criminal courts
1. Both criminal and civil courts in England and Wales primarily hear evidence and aim to determine what exactly happened in a case. Broadly speaking, the lower courts decide matters of fact and the upper courts normally deal with points of law. About 95% of all criminal eases in England and Wales are tried in the Magistrates’ Courts which deal with petty crimes, that is, less serious ones. In certain circumstances the court may commit an accused person to the Crown Court for more severe punishment, either by way of a fine or imprisonment.
2. Except in cases of homicide, children under 14 and young persons – that is, minors between 14 and 17 years of age – must always be tried summarily, meaning without a jury, by a Youth Court. A Youth Court is a branch of the Magistrates' Court. Indictable offences, that is, more serious ones such as theft, assault, drug dealing, and murder, are reserved for trial in the Crown Court. In almost all criminal cases, the State, in the name of the Crown, prosecutes a person alleged to have committed a crime.
3. In England and Wales, a jury of twelve people decides whether the defendant is guilty of the crime she or he is charged with. The Crown Court may hear cases in circuit areas. From the Crown Court, appeal against conviction or sentence lies to the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal. If leave to appeal is granted by that court, cases may go on appeal to the House of Lords.
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Where are children under 17 tried?

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Criminal courts
1. Both criminal and civil courts in England and Wales primarily hear evidence and aim to determine what exactly happened in a case. Broadly speaking, the lower courts decide matters of fact and the upper courts normally deal with points of law. About 95% of all criminal eases in England and Wales are tried in the Magistrates’ Courts which deal with petty crimes, that is, less serious ones. In certain circumstances the court may commit an accused person to the Crown Court for more severe punishment, either by way of a fine or imprisonment.
2. Except in cases of homicide, children under 14 and young persons – that is, minors between 14 and 17 years of age – must always be tried summarily, meaning without a jury, by a Youth Court. A Youth Court is a branch of the Magistrates' Court. Indictable offences, that is, more serious ones such as theft, assault, drug dealing, and murder, are reserved for trial in the Crown Court. In almost all criminal cases, the State, in the name of the Crown, prosecutes a person alleged to have committed a crime.
3. In England and Wales, a jury of twelve people decides whether the defendant is guilty of the crime she or he is charged with. The Crown Court may hear cases in circuit areas. From the Crown Court, appeal against conviction or sentence lies to the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal. If leave to appeal is granted by that court, cases may go on appeal to the House of Lords.
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John Cartwright: John Cartwright.
Victor Klimenko: Hello, John. This is Victor Klimenko, from Kiev.
John Cartwright: Hello, Victor. Any problems?
Victor Klimenko: Yes. 1_______?
John Cartwright: Yes, we did.
Victor Klimenko: I’d like to know your reaction to it.
John Cartwright: 2_______, Victor. You’re perfectly correct as to the 3_______. Items 2.5 and 2.6 lacked in the consignment of equipment we sent you. It was overlooked by our controller. We apologize for the oversight. It won’t happen again.
Victor Klimenko: When will you send us these parts?
John Cartwright: This week. By air. We’ll also send you some documents to facilitate customs clearance at your end.
Victor Klimenko: Fine. But what about the packaging? The cover of one of the containers was badly damaged. The equipment in this container was damaged a little too.
John Cartwright: It wasn’t our fault, Victor. The equipment was packed in the required way. You should take this up with the captain of the ship.
Victor Klimenko: We’ve already done it, John. He believes that your packing is to blame.
John Cartwright: I must disagree totally with him. Perhaps you should have been firmer in dealing with him.
Victor Klimenko: Let’s come back to this matter in a couple of days, John. I’ll try to discuss it with the shipowners. But there is one more problem: 4_______. We suffered some losses through this delay. I’d like to remind you that according to the sanctions clause of our contract we have the right to claim compensation.
John Cartwright: I’m afraid you haven’t that right, Victor. This delay was caused by a strike in the Brighton port. We consider this strike to be a force majeure circumstance that had a direct effect on the execution of our liabilities. We did our best to meet the deadline.
Victor Klimenko: I don’t agree, John. English ports are often hit by strikes. You were able to foresee this complication. Moreover, to meet the deadline you could have delivered the equipment to other port.
John Cartwright: We couldn’t have done it owing to circumstances outside our control.
Victor Klimenko: If we don’t reach mutual understanding, our company will have to go through arbitration procedures.
John Cartwright: There’s no need to get aggressive, Victor. There will be a meeting of our top executives at 11 o’clock where your claim will be on the agenda. I’ll try to settle it and ring you back after the meeting.
Victor Klimenko: All right. I’m waiting for your call, John.
John Cartwright: Bye, Victor.

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Mr. Rogers: The next point on the agenda is 1_______. Could you bring us to date on this problem, John?
John Cartwright: Yes. There was 2_______. They want us to pay 3_______.
Mr. Rogers: I don’t think that their claim is well-grounded. The delay was caused by that strike at the port. They won’t win if they refer their claim to arbitration. I think we should reject this claim.
John Cartwright: I’m not sure about that. I’ve just spoken to Mr. Klimenko, the Commercial Director of the company. He’s ignored all my remarks. They’re ready 4_______ to show that they’re serious.
Mr. Rogers: If they do that, we’ll have to get our lawyers in.
John Cartwright: I don’t think it’s a good idea, Mr. Rogers. They are going to place a large order with us next year. If we decline their claim, we may lose this order.
Mr. Rogers: How much do they want us to compensate for the delay?
John Cartwright: Approximately 10,000 pounds.
Mr. Rogers: Perhaps we shall offer them half the sum.
John Cartwright: That’s a good idea. I’ll try to settle it with Mr Klimenko.
Mr. Rogers: Yes. But if they disagree, we’ll have to reject their claim … And negotiate a longer delivery time with them next year.

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You are introduced to someone. What do you say?

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Laminate is a strong 1_______ manufactured from many layers of paper or textile impregnated with thermosetting resins. This sandwich is then pressed and subjected to heat. Laminate has been developed for both 2_______ and outside use. It resists severe weather 3_______ for more than ten years without serious deformation. As a 4_______ material it is recommended for exterior work. Being used for surfacing, laminate gives the tough surface.