Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос: When did iron and steel become widely used as alternatives to...: ответ на тест 1046508 - Английский язык

Buildings of the 19th century are characterized by the use of new materials and by a great diversity of architectural styles. From the end of the 18th century iron and steel became widely used as alternatives to wood, for by that time many countries experienced shortage of this material. Later the Industrial Revolution brought mass-production of building parts which were manufactured at a factory and then simply assembled at a site.
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When did iron and steel become widely used as alternatives to wood?

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When did iron and steel become widely used as alternatives to wood?
Buildings of the 19th century are characterized by the use of new materials and by a great diversity of architectural styles. From the end of the 18th century iron and steel became widely used as alternatives to wood, for by that time many countries experienced shortage of this material. Later the Industrial Revolution brought mass-production of building parts which were manufactured at a factory and then simply assembled at a site.

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Recently using of plastics in industrial application has grown. This growth has been due to their exceptional in-built qualities. Metal and timber often are more difficult to fabricate than plastics materials. Gears made of plastics produce less noise and vibrations than metal gears. We can say about an improvement of older materials for many purposes. New fields, which were not previously possible, have opened up.

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Building construction has its own history, which is marked by a number of trends. Let’s describe some of them. One of these trends is increasing durability of the materials. The first building materials were perishable. We mention leaves, branches and animal hides. Later people began to use more durable natural materials such as clay, stone, timber. Finally, synthetic materials such as bricks, concrete, metals, plastics were used in building.

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1_______. Huge reinforced concrete units manufactured in heated factory premises are brought to the site which becomes something like an assembly shop. 2_______. First of all it cuts the labour needed for building by 60 to 70% and extends the building season what is very important for countries where winter lasts for many months. 3_______. All this makes the building process less expensive and much less labourous.
4_______.

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1_______. Early man probably got the idea of a bridge from a tree fallen across a stream. 2_______. Timber beams were embedded into the banks on each side of the river with their ends extending over the water. These made simple supports for a central beam reaching across from one bracket to the other. 3_______. A simple bridge on the suspension principle was made by early man by means of ropes, and is still used in countries such as Tibet. Two parallel ropes suspended from rocks or trees on each bank of the river, with a platform of woven mats laid across them, made a secure crossing. 4_______. When the Spaniards reached South America, they found that the Incas of Peru used suspension bridges made of six strong cables, four of which supported a platform and two served as rails.