Вопрос № 857104 - Английский язык

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A solid body has a definite form, and tends to keep it; a liquid body must be kept in a vessel and adapts itself to the shape of that vessel, but so as to keep its upper surface horizontal, it tends, moreover, to flow from a higher to lower level. A gas, or a gaseous body, cannot be kept in an open vessel, but must be kept in a vessel closed in all sides; it always fills the vessel completely.

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It may be assumed that a body consists of small particles or molecules, between which forces are acting. These molecular forces resist the change in the form of the body which external forces tend to produce. If such external forces are applied to the body, its particles are displaced and the mutual displacements continue until equilibrium is established between the external and internal forces. It is said in such a case that the body is in a state of deformation or strain. During deformation the external forces acting upon the body do work, and this work is transformed completely or partially into the potential energy of strain. An example of such an accumulation of potential energy in a strained body is the case of a watch spring. If the forces which produced the deformation of the body are now gradually diminished, the body returns wholly or partly to its original shape and during this reversed deformation the potential energy of strain, accumulated in the body, may be recovered in the form of external work.
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Molecular forces resist the change in the form of the body which external forces tend _________________.

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Tin is a silvery metal which is not corroded by air. The chief use is for making tin plate, i.e. sheetiron coated with tin. Tin plate is suitable for cans in which acid fruit and other food-stuffs are packed because tin is not attacked by weak acids. For good containers, iron is coated with tin instead of zinc because tin is not subject to attack by acids in food.
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Why is tin plate suitable for cans?

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Atomic energy must serve peaceful purposes only. This is what Academician Igor Kurchatov (1903-1960) worked for until his death.
His team of scientists worked on application of atomic energy in such fields as chemistry, geology, biology and medicine. Academician Kurchatov headed the Atomic Energy Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (which is now bears his name) where a great deal of progress has been made in the complicated field of controlling thermo-nuclear reactions.
In 1940 Flerov and Petrzhak, two Russian Scientists, experimentally detected spontaneous nuclear fission of uranium and determined its average life-time.
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What did Kurchatov’s team of scientists work on?

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Yellow and brown diamonds are good only for industrial purposes and cost much cheaper than the white and blue ones. But with the coming of nuclear age, the colour of the diamonds can be changed by radiation from a nuclear reactor.
A nuclear reactor emits neutrons which give diamonds a greenish colour.
Beta rays produced by a cyclotron colour the diamonds blue. In both cases the colour changes as a result of the impact of the atomic particles on the diamonds’ structure. The radiated diamonds do not become radio-active and can be worn safely.
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What colour do neutrons give diamonds?

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Cars and airplanes can be very fast. Ships in the ocean are slower. Why is that? Mostly, it is because of the resistance of the water. Water is much more difficult to go through than air.
One idea was to design the hull (sides of a ship) to rise higher out of the water as the ship went faster. This was tried, but the ship could not go fast enough to make a smooth ride. It was finally decided that the whole ship must rise out of the water.