Вопрос № 605360 - Английский язык

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There are at least 20 kinds of organic heart disease that actually affect the heart muscle, the valves of the heart, or its inner or outer lining. There are also a number of functional disorders of the heart in which its function or action is altered, or in which symptoms are referred to the heart, but in which no actual damage to or lesions in the heart are discoverable. Heart trouble may be primary, or secondary to other diseases.
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What is the difference between organic heart disease and functional disorders of the heart?

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The human heart contracts from the first moment of life until the last one. The contractions of the heart pump the blood through the arteries to all 1_______ of the body. Physiologists have determined that in the adult the heart makes from 60 to 72 2_______ per minute. In children the rate of heart beat is much higher. Research work has determined that rate of heart beat increases depending on different emotions.
Each beat of the heart is followed by a 3_______ of rest. Each contraction and a period of rest compose a cardiac cycle.
Each cardiac cycle consists of three phases: the first phase of short contraction – the atrial systole, the second phase of a more prolonged contraction – the ventricular systole. The period of rest is called the diastole.
Research 4_______ of many physiologists has estimated the role of the ventricles as the main pump of the human heart.

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Russian rheumatologists held their meeting in Sochi to discuss the most urgent problems.
Most reports were devoted to the problem of rheumatic carditis. Academician A.Nesterov, president of the Russian Scientific Society of   Rheumatologists, spoke about the latent form of rheumatic carditis. This form may be almost asyptomatic or present only with general arthralgia, rapid pulse, and general weakness.
Academician A. Nesterov indicated that there was a strong relation of rheumatism to streptococcal disease and, may be, to specific reaction of certain patients to this chronic streptococcal infection.
A. Dolgopolova of the Moscow Institute of Rheumatological Research, Department of Pediatrics, again emphasizes the need to differentiate rheumatic latent carditis from its acute and chronic forms.
A. Lukyanova called attention to the ambulatory forms of rheumatism, among which a great number of patients have latent rheumatic carditis.
U. Danys introduced a suggestion that chronic tonsillitis may produce a functional disturbance of myocardium. He called it the tonsillo-cardiac syndrome.
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Most reports were devoted to _______.

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The cardinal symptoms of ulcer are pain, localized tenderness, hyperacidity of the gastric juice and vomiting of blood. The time at which the pain develops depends largely on the situation of the ulcer. If the ulcer is in the body of the stomach or near the cardiac end, that is, near the opening of the esophagus, pain may develop very shortly after eating and may disappear when the stomach is empty. In this case a sharply localized area of tenderness will be felt in the middle of the epigastrium or slightly to the left and there may also be tenderness to the left of the lower spine. If the ulcer is near the pylorus pain will develop later in the course of digestion as the stomach is empting itself. In ulcer of the duodenum an aching pain develops two, three or more hours after meals and is relieved by food.
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The time at which the pain develops depends largely on _______.

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Perforation of gastric or duodenal ulcer into the free peritoneal cavity is an indication for operation.
Surgical intervention is indicated in case of severe bleeding of the upper gastrointestinal tract when there are no signs of portal obstruction and when the haemorrhage persists after 2.5 litres of blood transfusion.
The primary purpose of the operation is to arrest haemorrhage. But the operation should also have the purpose of healing the ulcer.
During the operation the stomach must be opened widely. The operating surgeon must make a thorough search for the bleeding point. But often the surgeon is unable to find such a point. In such a case three-fourths of the stomach must be resected.
In severe haemorrhage reoccurs in the postoperative period a repeated operation of the stomach should be carried out. In this case all the stomach except a 1 cm margin at the esophagus should be resected.
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During the operation _______.

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In scarlet fever the period of invasion lasts only twenty-four hours, it being characterized by headaches, vomiting, sore throat, and rapid pulse. In mild cases, when the patient is seen in the later stages of the disease, the diagnosis is often made from the character of eruption. Examining the patient the physician usually notes the inflammation of the throat which is associated with the enlargement of the glands of the neck. The typical symptoms of the disease are associated with the common simultaneous phenomena, loss of appetite, gastrointestinal disturbances, small amount of urine of dark colour, and mild delirium being most frequent. In scarlet fever during the final stage of convalescence the patient may feel almost well, but the most serious complications sometimes occur, kidney impairment being the most characteristic.
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In scarlet fever the period of invasion lasts only twenty-four hours, it being characterized by _______.