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Вопрос № 1088151 - Английский язык

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Economic growth
1. Economic growth is the increase in the amount of the goods and services produced by an economy over time. It is conventionally measured as the percent rate of increase in real gross domestic product, or real GDP. Growth is usually calculated in real terms, i.e. inflation-adjusted terms, in order to obviate the distorting effect of inflation on the price of the goods produced. In economics, «economic growth» or «economic growth theory» typically refers to growth of potential output, i.e., production at «full employment».
2. As an area of study, economic growth is generally distinguished from development economics. The former is primarily the study of how countries can advance their economies. The latter is the study of the economic aspects of the development process in low-income countries. Since economic growth is measured as the annual percent change of gross domestic product (GDP), it has all the advantages and drawbacks of that measure.
3. Economic growth is measured as a percentage change in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or Gross National Product (GNP). These two measures, which are calculated slightly differently, total the amounts paid for the goods and services that a country produced. As an example of measuring economic growth, a country which creates $9,000,000,000 in goods and services in 2010 and then creates $9,090,000,000 in 2011, has a nominal economic growth rate of 1% for 2011.
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What does economic growth show?
Варианты ответов
  • It shows advantages and drawbacks of nominal economic growth rate.
  • It shows relationships between low-income and high-income countries.
  • It shows the amounts paid for the goods and services that a country produced.
  • It shows only Gross domestic product.
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Вопрос № 1088156

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Economic growth
1. Economic growth is the increase in the amount of the goods and services produced by an economy over time. It is conventionally measured as the percent rate of increase in real gross domestic product, or real GDP. Growth is usually calculated in real terms, i.e. inflation-adjusted terms, in order to obviate the distorting effect of inflation on the price of the goods produced. In economics, «economic growth» or «economic growth theory» typically refers to growth of potential output, i.e., production at «full employment».
2. As an area of study, economic growth is generally distinguished from development economics. The former is primarily the study of how countries can advance their economies. The latter is the study of the economic aspects of the development process in low-income countries. Since economic growth is measured as the annual percent change of gross domestic product (GDP), it has all the advantages and drawbacks of that measure.
3. Economic growth is measured as a percentage change in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or Gross National Product (GNP). These two measures, which are calculated slightly differently, total the amounts paid for the goods and services that a country produced. As an example of measuring economic growth, a country which creates $9,000,000,000 in goods and services in 2010 and then creates $9,090,000,000 in 2011, has a nominal economic growth rate of 1% for 2011.
Основной идеей текста является …
Gross Domestic Product and Gross National Product are tools of measuring all the amounts of products, made by one country.
One can calculate economic growth in real terms, called inflation-adjusted terms, in order to measure effects of inflation.
Economic growth or economic growth theory typically refers to growth of potential output, that is production at full employment.
Economic growth is the increase in the amount of the goods and services produced by an economy over time, measured in real gross domestic product.

Вопрос № 1088141

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Economic growth
1. Economic growth is the increase in the amount of the goods and services produced by an economy over time. It is conventionally measured as the percent rate of increase in real gross domestic product, or real GDP. Growth is usually calculated in real terms, i.e. inflation-adjusted terms, in order to obviate the distorting effect of inflation on the price of the goods produced. In economics, «economic growth» or «economic growth theory» typically refers to growth of potential output, i.e., production at «full employment».
2. As an area of study, economic growth is generally distinguished from development economics. The former is primarily the study of how countries can advance their economies. The latter is the study of the economic aspects of the development process in low-income countries. Since economic growth is measured as the annual percent change of gross domestic product (GDP), it has all the advantages and drawbacks of that measure.
3. Economic growth is measured as a percentage change in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or Gross National Product (GNP). These two measures, which are calculated slightly differently, total the amounts paid for the goods and services that a country produced. As an example of measuring economic growth, a country which creates $9,000,000,000 in goods and services in 2010 and then creates $9,090,000,000 in 2011, has a nominal economic growth rate of 1% for 2011.
Содержанию текста соответствует утверждения …
Development economics studies developing processes in well-developed countries.
Some scientists find few differences between economic growth and development economics.
Economic growth differs from development economics.
Economic growth explains how countries can improve their economies.

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Вопрос № 1088152

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Mathematical economics
1. Mathematical economics is the application of mathematical methods to represent theories and analyze problems in economics. By convention, the applied methods refer to those beyond simple geometry, such as differential and integral calculus, difference and differential equations, matrix algebra, mathematical programming, and other computational methods. An advantage claimed for the approach is its allowing formulation of theoretical relationships with rigor, generality, and simplicity.
2. It is argued that mathematics allows economists to form meaningful, testable propositions about wide-ranging and complex subjects which could less easily be expressed informally. Further, the language of mathematics allows economists to make specific, positive claims about controversial or contentious subjects that would be impossible without mathematics. Much of economic theory is currently presented in terms of mathematical economic models, a set of stylized and simplified mathematical relationships asserted to clarify assumptions and implications.
3. Economics became more mathematical as a discipline throughout the first half of the 20th century, but introduction of new and generalized techniques in the period around the Second World War, as in game theory, would greatly broaden the use of mathematical formulations in economics.
Ответьте на вопрос:
How economic theories are presented nowadays?
Economic theories explain mathematical propositions of great economists.
Economic theories represent negative claims about controversial subjects.
Economic theories represent relationships between matrix algebra, simple geometry and programming.
They are presented in terms of mathematical economic models.

Вопрос № 1088153

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Transport economics
1. Transport economics is a branch of economics that deals with the allocation of resources within the transport sector. It has strong links to civil engineering. Transport economics differs from some other branches of economics in that the assumption of a spaceless, instantaneous economy does not hold. People and goods flow over networks at certain speeds. Demands peak. Advance ticket purchase is often induced by lower fares. The networks themselves may or may not be competitive. A single trip (the final good, in the consumer's eyes) may require the bundling of services provided by several firms, agencies and modes.
2. Although transport systems follow the same supply and demand theory as other industries, the complications of network effects and choices between dissimilar goods (e.g. car and bus travel) make estimating the demand for transportation facilities difficult.
3. In transport, demand can be measured in number of journeys made or in total distance traveled across all journeys (e.g. passenger-kilometers for public transport or vehicle-kilometers of travel (VKT) for private transport). Supply is considered to be a measure of capacity. The price of the good (travel) is measured using the generalized cost of travel, which includes both money and time expenditure.
Ответьте на вопрос:
How is the price of the travel measured?
It is considered to be impossible to assess a trip.
The price of the travel is measured using time eхpenditure.
The price of the travel is measured with money.
The price of the travel includes both money and time eхpenditure.

Вопрос № 1088154

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Privatization
1. Privatization is the process by which the production of goods or services is removed from the government sector of the economy. This has been done in a variety of ways, ranging from the public sale of shares in a previously state-owned enterprise to the use of private businesses to perform government work under contract.
2. The leader in this innovative strategy was the Thatcher government of Great Britain from 1979 to 1990. Previous governments had tried limited denationalization, which is the restoration of nationalized enterprises to their previous owners, but with limited success. Privatization involved totally new owners. In some cases the state enterprises that were «privatized» had never been in the private sector.
3. Governments all over the world were confronted in the seventies by the problems inherent in state ownership. Because state-owned companies have no profit motive, they lack the incentive that private companies have to produce goods that consumers want and to do so at low cost. An additional problem is that even if they want to satisfy consumer demands, they have no way of knowing what consumers want, because consumers indicate their preferences most clearly by their purchases.
Основной идеей текста является …
Green economy needs government subsidies as market incentives to motivate firms to invest money.
Firms are voluntary interested in reducing environment-unfriendly activities because of high initial costs for research.
Green economy aims to substitute for fossil fuels and energy conservation for efficient energy use.
The green economy improves human well-being and it is distinguished by its direct valuation of natural capital and ecological services as having economic value.

Вопрос № 1088155

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Demand
1. One of the most important building blocks of economic analysis is the concept of demand. When economists refer to demand, they usually have in mind not just a single quantity demanded, but what is called a demand curve. A demand curve traces the quantity of a good or service that is demanded at successively different prices.
2. The most famous law in economics, and the one that economists are most sure of, is the law of demand. On this law is built almost the whole edifice of economics. The law of demand states that when the price of a good rises, the amount demanded falls, and when the price falls, the amount demanded rises.
3. It is not just price that affects the quantity demanded. Income affects it too. As real income rises, people buy more of some goods (which economists call normal goods) and less of what are called inferior goods. Urban mass transit and railroad transportation are classic examples of inferior goods. That is why the usage of both of these modes of travel declined so dramatically as postwar incomes were rising and more people could afford automobiles.
Основной идеей текста является …
Efficiency of economic methods in law refers to the application of the methods of economics to legal problems.
Political economy, constitutional economics and political science solve economy’s problems due to overlap between legal systems and political systems.
Economic concepts are used to explain the effects of laws, to assess economically efficient legal rules. Law and economic issues are often raised in political economy.
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