Вопрос № 800738 - Английский язык

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Some secured debt arrangements permit the creditor to have possession of the property until the debt is paid. One such lien is the pledge, which arises when personal property is given to a creditor as security for the payment of a debt, or for the performance of an obligation. The property may be either goods or documents representing property rights (for example, corporate stock). The pledger voluntarily gives up possession of the property. The pledgee receives possession.

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In the pledge, the pledgee must treat the property with reasonable care. The property may be repledged to a third party on terms which do not impair the debtor’s right to get the property back. In the event of default by the pledger, the pledgee may sell the property after proper notice to the pledger. The pledgee has the right to make either a public or a private sale. However, the pledgee must act in good faith and in a manner, which is commercially reasonable. If the amount received, after the deduction of expenses and interest, is more than the amount of the debt, the excess must be paid to the pledger. If the amount is less, the difference still must be paid by the pledger. Upon performance of the obligation, the pledger has a right to the return of the property.

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Goods that are pawned must be held for a certain length of time after the loan is due before they can be sold. In some states, this length of time is one year. The rights of the parties to the proceeds of sale are usually the same as in ordinary pledges. Sometimes ownership passes to the pawnbroker at the end of a specified time.

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The other method for creditor protection is the garnishment of wages. Once a creditor’s claim is shown to be legally valid and fair in a court hearing, the creditor may receive a portion of the debtor’s wages directly from the debtor’s employer.

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Laws that set maximum interest rates are called usury laws. Usually such laws apply only to transactions involving the lending of money, not the buying of goods on credit. Also, the usury laws do not protect corporations because they are considered to be adequately protected by the abilities of their professional managers.

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A consumer loan arises when a person borrows money primarily for personal, family, household, or agricultural purposes. It is often called a personal loan to distinguish it from a business or commercial loan.
The creditor must make a full report of interest and finance charges. The finance charge is the total added cost when one pays in installments for goods or services. The creditor must also declare the true equivalent annual interest rate.