Вопрос № 1072356 - Английский язык

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Marketing can be divided into four main elements that are known as the four P’s: product, price, placement and promotion.
The marketing strategies of determining product, price, placement and promotion are not planned in isolation. Marketing analysts often look at a combination of these four factors. This combination of the four P’s is known as the marketing mix. In order to develop a successful marketing mix researchers first ask two important questions: Who is going to buy the product? What is the potential to sell this product?

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                                                 Channels of Marketing
1. Individual consumers and corporate buyers are aware that thousands of goods and services are available through a very large number of diverse channel outlets. What they may not be well aware of is the fact that the channel structure, or the set of institutions, agencies, and establishments through which the product must move to get to them, can be amazingly complex.
2. Usually, institutions specializing in manufacturing, wholesaling, retailing, and many other areas join forces in marketing channel arrangements to make possible the delivery of goods to industrial users or customers and to final consumers. The same is true for the marketing of services. For example, in the case of health care delivery, hospitals, laboratories, insurance companies, and drugstores combine efforts in an organized channel arrangement to ensure the delivery of a critical service.
3. Therefore, marketing channels can be viewed as sets of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption. Not only do marketing channels satisfy demand by supplying goods and services at the right place, quantity, quality, and price, but they also stimulate demand through the promotional activities of the units (e.g., retailers, manufacturers' representatives, sales offices, and wholesalers) comprising them.
4. The major focus of marketing channel management is on delivery. Producers of goods (including manufacturers of industrial and consumer goods, legislators, educational administrators and insurance companies) are individually capable of generating only form or structural utility for their «products».
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One definition of business is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for a profit. To examine this definition, we will look at its various parts.
1_______. One example is the conversion of iron ore into metal car parts. Next, these products need to be moved from the factory to the marketplace. 2_______. A car might be moved from a factory in Detroit to a car dealership in Miami.
3_______. Sale is the exchange of a product or service for money. A car is sold to someone in exchange for money. Goods are products which people either need or want; for example, cars can be classified as goods. 4_______. For instance, an auto mechanic performs a service when he repairs a car. A doctor also performs a service by taking care of people when they are sick.

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Many office workers dream of working their way up to the top from messenger to president of the corporation. The way lies through middle management positions. 1_______. At the very top are senior executives, who establish the policies for their companies, especially those that involve finances. 2_______.
It is still possible to start out at the bottom and go all the way to the top. Because the financial operation of business is so important, some accountants become top executives. 3_______. Nowadays, however, education plays a central role in the selection of men and women for management jobs. Many US universities have courses in business administration. 4_______. From there, they can easily get promoted if they show the necessary personality and ability.

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American specialists who work as economists have usually a graduate degree in economics either a master’s degree or а Ph.D. About half of them are academic economists, who are engaged in teaching, writing and doing research in colleges and universities. 1_______.
The other half of this profession works for business or government. 2_______. Some business economists work for private organisations, helping them prepare their arguments to try to affect tax laws, regulations, etc. which are important to particular branches oЈ industries.
Government economists also perform a variety of useful tasks. 3_______. Economists forecast tax revenues and interest rates, analyse who gains and who loses from particular changes, monitor prices, compute total output and perform other useful tasks in the public sector.
4_______.

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There are numerous reasons people think about owning a business of their own. 1_______.
Unfortunately, the record shows that two out of three new businesses fail within their first four years. 2_______. On the bright side, the innovativeness of entrepreneurs in small businesses enables a small business to react quickly and successfully to changing times.
3_______. Those innovations are the source of new jobs and new opportunities for entrepreneurs. 4_______.