Вопрос № 1088035 - Английский язык

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                                                          Linguistics
1. Linguistics investigates the cognitive and social aspects of human language. The field is divided into areas that focus on aspects of the linguistic signal, such as syntax, semantics, morphology, phonetics and phonology; however, work in areas like evolutionary linguistics and psycholinguistics cut across these divisions.
2. The majority of modern research in linguistics takes a predominantly synchronic perspective (focusing on language at a particular point in time), and a great deal of it aims at formulating theories of the cognitive processing of language. However, language does not exist in a vacuum, or only in the brain, and approaches like contact linguistics, creole studies, discourse analysis, social interactional linguistics, and sociolinguistics explore language in its social context.
3. Sociolinguistics often makes use of traditional quantitative analysis and statistics in investigating the frequency of features, while some disciplines, like contact linguistics, focus on qualitative analysis. Ferdinand Saussure is considered the father of modern linguistics.
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Linguistics
1. Linguistics investigates the cognitive and social aspects of human language. The field is divided into areas that focus on aspects of the linguistic signal, such as syntax, semantics, morphology, phonetics and phonology; however, work in areas like evolutionary linguistics and psycholinguistics cut across these divisions.
2. The majority of modern research in linguistics takes a predominantly synchronic perspective (focusing on language at a particular point in time), and a great deal of it aims at formulating theories of the cognitive processing of language. However, language does not exist in a vacuum, or only in the brain, and approaches like contact linguistics, creole studies, discourse analysis, social interactional linguistics, and sociolinguistics explore language in its social context.
3. Sociolinguistics often makes use of traditional quantitative analysis and statistics in investigating the frequency of features, while some disciplines, like contact linguistics, focus on qualitative analysis. Ferdinand Saussure is considered the father of modern linguistics.
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Vladimir Nabokov
1. Best known for his extraordinary English-language novels, Vladimir Nabokov had almost as distinguished a literary career in his native Russian language, publishing nine novels and countless stories, poems and plays while living as an emigrant in Berlin.
2. Nabokov once claimed that his English was a feeble shadow of his magisterial Russian, but his precarious years in Germany left him and his fellow exiles with an extremely limited reading audience and opportunity to thrive as working artists. Simultaneously, his exile severed any tie with his native tongue. It was not possible for him to grow or evolve his language usage in Russian for the rest of his life.
3. Still reveling in artistic possibility in Berlin, however, Nabokov’s first novel, Mary, is a tiny diamond of loveliness, while later Russian novels such as The Eye, Laughter in the Dark and Despair are all masterpieces of grotesque and glorious strangeness. And perhaps only somewhat intentionally (never knowing which way history would turn, but probably suspecting that that he’d never return home), his final Russian novel, The Gift, features a tour through Russian literature. The novel serves as a swan song for Nabokov’s fertile but increasingly uprooted relationship with his native literary soil.
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Natural world wonders
1. Spread over 135 square miles in Yunnan province, the Shilin Forest looks like an ancient petrified forest filled with rock formations that jut vertically from the ground. Geologists say Shilin Stone Forest was formed 270 million years ago, when the constant movement of the earth caused the waters of the large sea, which covered the area, to retreat and allowed the limestone cliffs to rise.
2. The Darvaza gas crater, known as «The Door to Hell», is a 196 feet wide and 65 feet deep hole in the Karakum desert in Turkmenistan. The fire, fueled by natural gas, has been burning for the last 42 years, not by a natural occurrence, but instead, as a result of a Soviet gas exploration accident. Geologists accidentally tapped into a massive underground natural gas cavern, causing the ground to collapse and the entire drilling rig to fall in.
3. Also known as «The Great Blue Hole», the Belize Barrier Reef is one of largest barrier reefs in the world. It creates a natural ecosystem that includes atolls, several hundred sand cays, mangrove forests, coastal lagoons and estuaries.  It’s so vast that much of it remains undiscovered and only 10 per cent of the marine life on this reef has been identified.
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Multiculturalism
1. Multiculturalism (or ethnic diversity) relates to communities containing multiple cultures. The term is used in two broad ways, either descriptively or normatively. As a descriptive term, it usually refers to the simple fact of cultural diversity: it is generally applied to the demographic make-up of a specific place, sometime at the organizational level, e.g. schools, businesses, neighbourhoods, cities, or nations.
2. As a normative term, it refers to ideologies or policies that promote this diversity or its institutionalisation; in this sense, multiculturalism is a society «at ease with the rich tapestry of human life and the desire amongst people to express their own identity in the manner they see fit».
3. Despite the fact that multiculturalism has mainly been used as a term to define disadvantaged groups, including African Americans, women and the disabled, many theorists tend to focus their arguments on immigrants who are ethnic and religious minorities, minority nations, and indigenous peoples.
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Preservice education
1. The first stage of preservice education is the study of one or more principal subjects that the student is preparing to teach. For example, students in many colleges of education in England study only one principal subject, to which they devote about one-third of their total time. In the United States, the first two years of college or university work may include some principal subjects. Both patterns have their critics, the first because it produces narrow intellectual specialists, the second because it encourages dilettantism and inadequate depth.
2. The second stage of preservice education includes the study of philosophy, sociology, history of education, and educational psychology. These courses contribute to the student’s general education and personal development as well as providing him with knowledge of differences in individual educability or educational opportunity.
3. The third stage of preservice education includes the study of teaching methods, that is, the set of special methods and principles that are used when teaching a particular subject.
4. The last stage of preservice education is teaching practice, usually carried own in model schools attached to colleges or universities. For example, a typical model school for medical students is a teaching hospital, where they receive practical training from experienced doctors.
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