Вопрос № 1072690 - Английский язык

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Federalism
1. State power has three main branches: legislative, executive and judicial. The legislature makes laws; the executive enforces the laws and governs the country; the judges decide disputes that come before them and in doing so interpret the law and apply it to the facts of the case they have to judge.
2. State power can also be divided upon a geographical basis. The system for doing this is called federalism. In a federal state there is a federal government, legislature and courts. There are also regional governments, legislatures and courts. Both may get their powers from a written constitution .Powers to make laws, to govern and to judge are each divided between the federal state and the regions. The regions go by different names in different countries (states, provinces, lands, cantons, republics).
3. One reason for dividing power in this way is that the country is too large to be governed conveniently from a single centre (the USA). Another is that its regions vary in language or culture (Switzerland, India, Canada). A third is that a central government might be too powerful if it was not balanced by regional governments with some independent powers (Germany, the USA).
4. In a typical federation defense and foreign policy belong to the federal government, education to the regions, and the power to tax is divided between the two. So the federation and the regions may both have power to make laws on similar subjects. Since each region has its own independent powers and courts, it has its own regional legal system, alongside the federal legal system. If the federation also separates the law-making, governing and judging functions the law becomes very complicated and expensive. But they allow a country to hold together when otherwise it would fall apart.
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What country is an example of a federal state where the power of the central government is balanced by regional governments?

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Federalism
1. State power has three main branches: legislative, executive and judicial. The legislature makes laws; the executive enforces the laws and governs the country; the judges decide disputes that come before them and in doing so interpret the law and apply it to the facts of the case they have to judge.
2. State power can also be divided upon a geographical basis. The system for doing this is called federalism. In a federal state there is a federal government, legislature and courts. There are also regional governments, legislatures and courts. Both may get their powers from a written constitution .Powers to make laws, to govern and to judge are each divided between the federal state and the regions. The regions go by different names in different countries (states, provinces, lands, cantons, republics).
3. One reason for dividing power in this way is that the country is too large to be governed conveniently from a single centre (the USA). Another is that its regions vary in language or culture (Switzerland, India, Canada). A third is that a central government might be too powerful if it was not balanced by regional governments with some independent powers (Germany, the USA).
4. In a typical federation defense and foreign policy belong to the federal government, education to the regions, and the power to tax is divided between the two. So the federation and the regions may both have power to make laws on similar subjects. Since each region has its own independent powers and courts, it has its own regional legal system, alongside the federal legal system. If the federation also separates the law-making, governing and judging functions the law becomes very complicated and expensive. But they allow a country to hold together when otherwise it would fall apart.
Определите основную идею текста.

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In 1982, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms became a fundamental part of the Canadian Constitution. The Charter sets out the basic rights and liberties of each person in Canada, which must be respected by all governments. Anyone who believes these rights have been violated may apply to the courts for redress.
The Charter protects rights and liberties in the following areas:
– fundamental freedoms;
– democratic rights;
– mobility rights;
– language rights;
– equality rights;
– legal rights;
– minority language education rights.
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What does the Canadian Charter set out?

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The Constitution specifically recognizes and affirms the existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the aboriginal peoples of Canada.
The laws that deal with private matters between individuals, such as property ownership, family responsibilities and business transactions, vary from province to province.
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What does Canada’s Constitution specifically recognize and affirm?

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The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), maintained by the federal government, is Canada’s national police force. The RCMP enforces many federal statutes, with particular emphasis on criminal and narcotics laws.
The provinces of Ontario and Quebec have their own police forces.
Some municipalities employ a local police force. Where no municipal force exists, local services are provided by either the federal or the provincial force.

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The police have many functions in the legal process. Though they are mainly concerned with criminal law, they may also be used to enforce judgments made in civil courts. As well as gathering information for offences to be prosecuted in the courts, the police have wide powers to arrest, search and question people suspected of crimes and to control the actions of members of the public during public demonstrations and assemblies. In some countries, the police have judicial functions, for example, they may make a decision as to guilt in a driving offense and impose a fine, without the involvement of a court, in Britain, when someone is found in possession of marijuana, the police may confiscate it and issue a formal warning rather than refer the matter to a court.
The mere presence of the police is a factor in deterring people from committing, offences.