Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова. First of all the value of tr...: ответ на тест 932995 - Английский язык

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First of all, the value of true architecture lies in the direct effect of the structure itself. It depends on many reasons. One of them is a drawing. Drawings are works of architecture. An architect uses drawings to achieve his objective. In fact, drawings can represent buildings only on paper. It is called “paper architecture”. We mean the result of architect’s thinking of drawings. But, there is a danger of “paper architecture”. The architect mustn’t forget that many elements which look well on a drawing may be either completely ineffective or definitely harmful in the actual building.

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Writing on architecture is almost as old as writing itself. There are a lot of books on the theory of architecture, on the art of a building and on the aesthetic appearance of buildings. The oldest book is a work of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, written in the first century B.C. Nearly two thousand years ago the Roman architect Vitruvius set the principles upon which buildings should be designed and aims to guide the architect. He was the first who listed three basic factors in architecture – “convenience, strength and beauty”. The sequence of these three basic aims – “convenience, strength and beauty” – has its own significance. These three factors are always present and are always interrelated in the best structures. It is impossible for a true architect to think of one of them without considering the other two as well.

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Practically all building materials have their advantages and disadvantages. That’s why some materials are used most widely in building construction for the purpose of binding together masonry units. Among them are lime, gypsum and cement. Last material forms very important elements in all masonry structures, such as stone, a brick.

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Recently using of plastics in industrial application has grown. This growth has been due to their exceptional in-built qualities. Metal and timber often are more difficult to fabricate than plastics materials. Gears made of plastics produce less noise and vibrations than metal gears. We can say about an improvement of older materials for many purposes. New fields, which were not previously possible, have opened up.

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Building construction has its own history, which is marked by a number of trends. Let’s describe some of them. One of these trends is increasing durability of the materials. The first building materials were perishable. We mention leaves, branches and animal hides. Later people began to use more durable natural materials such as clay, stone, timber. Finally, synthetic materials such as bricks, concrete, metals, plastics were used in building.

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Cement is the most important component of concrete. 1_______. Concrete may be considered an artificial conglomerate of “crushed stone, gravel or similar inert material with a mortar”. A mortar is a mixture of sand, screenings or similar inert particles with cement and water. 2_______. The most accurate method of measuring proportions is to weigh the required quantities of each material. This may be done whether the proportions are based upon volumes or weights. 3_______. It is also widely used in large building constructions. 4_______.