Вопрос № 1072300 - Английский язык

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The roof is a necessary component of practically every building. It serves to protect the interior of the building from rain, snow, wind, and cold. There exist many types of roofs, the main ones being sloping (pitched) roofs and flat (or nearly flat) ones.

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Generally the load on roofs consists of two components: the snow load and the wind-pressure. The action of these loads is quite different on flat roofs and pitched ones. The snow load on flat roofs is great; practically it is at the maximum. As to the wind pressure on roofs of this type, it is very small – practically it is at its minimum. On pitched roofs the situation is different; when the pitch of the roof increases the weight of the snow load decreases. As to the wind-pressure, it increases with the increase of the pitch.
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On pitched roofs when the pitch of the roof increases the weight of the snow load …

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Ceilings are considered to be extremely 1_______ parts of any room. A well-designed ceiling is one of the most pleasing features of a 2_______. In modern constructions the variants of ceilings are limitless. Ceilings can be produced of many various materials both 3_______ and artificial. Their colours, texture, pattern, and shapes are of great importance for the visual impression of the room. Ceilings of any materials may be attached to wood joists. Usually they are 4_______ very carefully and tightly.

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Concrete is produced by combining coarse and fine aggregates, Portland cement, and water. Coarse aggregate is generally gravel or crushed stone, and fine aggregate is sand. Cement, sand, gravel, and water are taken in proportional amounts and mixed. The quality of concrete depends mostly on the quality of the cement used. The process of production consists in pouring the mixed components into forms and holding them there until they harden. The process of hardening generally lasts for about 28 days.
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What does the quality of concrete depend on?

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The traditional frame material for windows is wood. But in the last decades aluminum, steel, plastic and combination of these materials are also commonly used. Wood is known to be a good thermal insulator and is extremely workable. It is easily turned into sashes. But its disadvantage is that it shrinks and swells when the weather conditions change.
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What is the disadvantage of wood as a frame material?

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Many connections in wood structures depend on direct bearing of one member of the structure on another for their strength. Various simple fasteners are used for constructing purposes. Of them wood fasteners include nails, screws, bolts, anchors and some others. Nails are generally made of plain steel. It is interesting to note that steel used for nails is uncoated steel. There exist different types of nails. Among them common nails and finish nails are the two types most frequently used for fastening.
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What are nails generally made of?