Вопрос № 1072401 - Английский язык

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In the United States, the judiciary (which is a collective term for courts and judges) is divided into the national (federal) and state judiciary. Each is independent of the other with the exception that the United States Supreme Court may, under special circumstances involving federal questions, review a state court decision. Jurisdiction of particular courts of judges is determined by either the national or state constitutions and laws.
The states all have their own courts: a Supreme Court, superior courts, local courts. Some states have courts of small claims.

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The Courts of Appeals were organized to relieve the Supreme Court of pressure resulting from accumulation of appellate cases. In general these courts have final jurisdiction over the great mass of litigation not involving constitutional questions. For example, parties from different states have their case heard in a high Federal Court without going to the Supreme Court. A United States Court of Appeals generally comprises three judges. (The Chief Justice and associate justices of the Supreme Court are authorized to assign additional circuit court judges to such courts as may need them).
A Court of Appeals accepts the facts sent up to it by the lower courts, and therefore does not need a jury. Its work is to decide on disputed questions of law. As a rule the Court of Appeals sits with three judges together on the bench. This court’s principal duty is to protect the Supreme Court from routine cases of no political importance. Its decision may be so clear and well grounded that the Supreme Court will refuse to go into the question further, in which case the Court of Appeals has stated the supreme law of the land, at least for the exact circumstances of that case.

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The magistrates’ court is the most common type of law court in the United Kingdom. The court system is dependent upon the legal profession to make it work. England is almost unique in having two different kinds of lawyers, with separate jobs in the legal system. 1_______. Each branch has its own characteristic functions and a separate governing body.
The traditional picture of the English lawyer is that the solicitor is the general practitioner, confined mainly to the office. The solicitor is the legal adviser of the public. 2_______. The barrister is the specialist adviser much of whose time is taken up with court-room appearance. 3_______. In court, barristers wear wigs and gowns in keeping with the extreme formality of the proceedings.
4_______.

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The profession of a lawyer is one of the most popular professions among the young people. 1_______.
Almost all universities and academies of Russia have a faculty of Law. 2_______. To be a good specialist, a lawyer should know many laws and their proper application. So the curriculum of the law school includes many compulsory and optional subjects important for their future work. Thus, first-year students study such subjects as philosophy, psychology, history of Russia, foreign language, mathematics, computer, sociology, Latin, history of religion, economics, and others.
3_______.
Graduates of any law high school can work in different courts, in notary offices, at the Bar, in organs of militia, in organs of the prosecutor’s office, in organs of tax inspection, as well as in different banks, companies, and enterprises, and firms. 4_______.

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The number of lawyers in the United States exceeds 675,000. 1_______? We know that in 1984 the average salary of experienced lawyers was 88,000 dollars. 2_______.
There are other reasons for the popularity of the legal profession and the demand for legal services. Federalism gives separate legal systems for each state plus the national government. 3_______. Is it any wonder that America needs all the lawyers it can train?
The Justice Department is responsible for faithful execution of the laws under the president’s authority. 4_______.

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Canada’s laws are interpreted and applied by the courts, which are presided over by judges whose independence is guaranteed. 1_______.
The court system of each province is generally divided into two levels. 2_______.
At the second level is the provincial Superior Court, which deals with the trial of the most serious criminal and civil cases. 3_______.
The Parliament of Canada established the Federal Court to deal with claims against the federal government.
4_______. This court hears appeals from the provincial and federal appeal courts. Its decision is always final.