Вопрос № 1077910 - Английский язык

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Marble: characteristics, uses and problems
1. Marble is an extremely hard, metamorphic stone composed of calcite (CaCO3). It is formed as a result of the recrystallization of limestone under the intense pressure and heat of geologic processes. The effect of this process is the creation of a stone with a very tight crystalline structure and small but definite porosity.
2. Because of its structure, marble can take a very high polish and is a very popular decorative stone for architectural and sculptural uses. The limited porosity of marble, especially polished marble, makes it less vulnerable to the leaching effects of water. Calcium carbonate, however, of which marble is composed, is highly susceptible to attack by acidic agents. Marble is readily dissolved by acids, even very dilute acids, however the actual results of acidic exposure will vary with the nature of the acid.  For this reason, it is always important to determine the exact type of pollutants causing marble deterioration.
3. Marble has many decorative and structural uses. It is used for outdoor sculpture as well as for sculpture bases; in architecture it is used in exterior walls and veneers, flooring, decorative features, stairways and walkways. The way in which the stone is used may be a factor in limiting or controlling the severity of exposure. The use or function of the marble may also affect the feasibility of applying certain treatments, but type of use is not the primary factor in the major types of deterioration and damage to which marble is susceptible.
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Marble is …

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Marble: characteristics, uses and problems
1. Marble is an extremely hard, metamorphic stone composed of calcite (CaCO3). It is formed as a result of the recrystallization of limestone under the intense pressure and heat of geologic processes. The effect of this process is the creation of a stone with a very tight crystalline structure and small but definite porosity.
2. Because of its structure, marble can take a very high polish and is a very popular decorative stone for architectural and sculptural uses. The limited porosity of marble, especially polished marble, makes it less vulnerable to the leaching effects of water. Calcium carbonate, however, of which marble is composed, is highly susceptible to attack by acidic agents. Marble is readily dissolved by acids, even very dilute acids, however the actual results of acidic exposure will vary with the nature of the acid.  For this reason, it is always important to determine the exact type of pollutants causing marble deterioration.
3. Marble has many decorative and structural uses. It is used for outdoor sculpture as well as for sculpture bases; in architecture it is used in exterior walls and veneers, flooring, decorative features, stairways and walkways. The way in which the stone is used may be a factor in limiting or controlling the severity of exposure. The use or function of the marble may also affect the feasibility of applying certain treatments, but type of use is not the primary factor in the major types of deterioration and damage to which marble is susceptible.
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Building with timber
1. Wood has a very long history of use as a construction material and for infrastructure such as bridges and railway lines. In many of these uses wood now competes with materials like concrete, steel, aluminium and plastics. For example, in Australia, there has been an average increase in house size (from about 78m2 in 1945 to about 250m2 in 2008), but the average volume of wood per dwelling has decreased from about 24 m3to 14 m3 over this time. Elsewhere in the world, where there were woods and forests, timber was a key building material. Timber is strong, warm, and beautiful, but ultimately it rots or dries out and cracks, or catches fire. It is hard to find a timber building, an original timber building, much over 750 or, at the most, 1,000 years old.
2. Timber remains a fine material to build with, although the fear of fire is always present. Wood can last hundreds of years. It can be very versatile and give a beautiful finish when left exposed. Although exposure, if not treated right will lead to rot and unsightly deterioration. One must allow for the movement of wood. It contracts and shrinks depending on dampness and humidity, but so long as it’s used alongside the right materials this is not problematic.
3. Woodworm can be the end if a timber framed house so it needs treating properly. Exterior wood will need painting or restaining every 5 years so that can be a drag. It can be high maintenance but you can’t beat oak beams in the ceiling or old varnished floorboards. Wood is a pleasant material for toys, and is rather good for small boats. The majority of furniture is still of wood because of its pleasant natural properties.
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What one should consider when he is constructing a building with timber?

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Machu Picchu
1. Set high in the Peruvian Andes, the ruins of the Inca city of Machu Picchu are among the world’s most magnetic tourist sights. Until recently reaching this mountain aerie meant a long, heart-pounding trek led by local guides. Today, globetrotting tourists arrive with nonchalant ease in air-conditioned comfort. Spanish colonialists, the collapse of high Incan culture, the elements, and natural calamities have done their best to wipe the historic architecture of Peru off the map.
2. The remote and haunting remains of Machu Picchu, however, allow us to see the great, rigid power of Inca architecture at its best and most daunting. The site of this powerful walled city, lying between two mountain peaks some 3,000 ft (900 m) above the Urubamba River, was a revered place long before the Incas began to build here with real purpose in about 1400. Inside the well-cut gray granite walls are the remains of a wide range of public buildings including palaces, baths, temples, storehouses, and burial grounds.
3. There are about 150 houses, gathered in groups around communal courtyards and aligned in terraces. The various parts of the city, on their complex series of terraces, were connected by grand stone stairs. One of the important remains found at Machu Picchu is the Intihuatana stone, used in an astronomical ritual for “tying” the sun to the earth at the midday equinox, in the perpetually vain hope of slowing its movement across the sky.
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Hurricane preparation tips for construction sites
1. Local emergency operations officials and the National Weather Service will provide hurricane landfall probabilities. Approximately 60 to 48 hours before the hurricane is expected to make landfall, consider cancelling the delivery of building materials to all job sites except any materials needed to secure the building site from storm damage. While contractors generally don't want to stop or delay construction activities, the 48- to 24-hour window before landfall is the suggested time to stop all construction activity. It's important to note that most local building departments generally stop field inspections, except for those related to pouring columns, tie beams, wet decks, floors and similar structural items, during this time as well. Contractors are encouraged to activate their hurricane job site plan during this window of time.
2. They notify subcontractors to help secure the building site. Helpful hints for site protection include: secure all job sites, giving priority attention to those located in the most populated areas; clean up all construction debris; tie or band together all loose plywood and lumber; secure other loose building supplies; remove permit board and all job site signage; locate and turn off electricity, water and gas.
3. Also, secure all portable toilets. Portable toilets can also be anchored adjacent to L-shaped walls of the home under construction and they can be weighted down with concrete blocks or sand. After the site is secure, advise subcontractors to leave and not return until the hurricane threat has passed. Make sure to have contact numbers for all subcontractors stored in a secure and dry place and that they know who will contact them after the hurricane passes.
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The Shard, London
1. The Shard is a skyscraper in the centre of London, just near the famous Tower Bridge. It is one of the tallest buildings in Europe. Designed by Renzo Piano, the tower has 88 levels and is clad entirely in glass. It contains offices, restaurants, bars, cafes, viewing galleries, a hotel and residential apartments. One of the biggest challenges the developers had to deal with was to minimise disruption in the local area. The Shard is located next to London Bridge station, one of the busiest transport hubs in London, and Guy's Hospital, a large teaching hospital. Noise and dust had to be kept to a minimum.
2. There was some special equipment used during the construction of the Shard. These cantilever loading platforms are easy to install and move. Cranes lift the platforms into position. They are flush with the floor allowing the movement of large objects in and out of the structure. High-rise buildings like the Shard need a lot of concrete. This project used a powerful, high-performance pump which can pump more than 90 m3 of concrete per hour.
3. Normally a lift shaft has to be complete before a lift can be installed. With jump lift technology this is not necessary. As the building rises, the jump lift, which contains its own machine room, rises with it. The Shard construction site used a number of cranes. The lead crane in the centre occupied the highest spot. This crane was mounted inside the core. As the building rose the crane was jacked up.
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