Вопрос № 867094 - Английский язык

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The Supreme Court is the highest judicial organ of the US and it meets in the Supreme Court Building in Washington. It’s a beautiful building of white marble. Above the main entrance the words are written”Equal Justice Under Law”. The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice of the USA and eight Associate Justices. They are all appointed by the President and approved by the Senate.

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The Courts of Appeals were organized to relieve the Supreme Court of pressure resulting from accumulation of appellate cases. In general these courts have final jurisdiction over the great mass of litigation not involving constitutional questions. For example, parties from different states have their case heard in a high Federal Court without going to the Supreme Court. A United States Court of Appeals generally comprises three judges. (The Chief Justice and associate justices of the Supreme Court are authorized to assign additional circuit court judges to such courts as may need them).
A Court of Appeals accepts the facts sent up to it by the lower courts, and therefore does not need a jury. Its work is to decide on disputed questions of law. As a rule the Court of Appeals sits with three judges together on the bench. This court’s principal duty is to protect the Supreme Court from routine cases of no political importance. Its decision may be so clear and well grounded that the Supreme Court will refuse to go into the question further, in which case the Court of Appeals has stated the supreme law of the land, at least for the exact circumstances of that case.

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The Courts of Appeals were organized to relieve the Supreme Court of pressure resulting from accumulation of appellate cases. In general these courts have final jurisdiction over the great mass of litigation not involving constitutional questions. For example, parties from different states have their case heard in a high Federal Court without going to the Supreme Court. A United States Court of Appeals generally comprises three judges. (The Chief Justice and associate justices of the Supreme Court are authorized to assign additional circuit court judges to such courts as may need them).
A Court of Appeals accepts the facts sent up to it by the lower courts, and therefore does not need a jury. Its work is to decide on disputed questions of law. As a rule the Court of Appeals sits with three judges together on the bench. This court’s principal duty is to protect the Supreme Court from routine cases of no political importance. Its decision may be so clear and well grounded that the Supreme Court will refuse to go into the question further, in which case the Court of Appeals has stated the supreme law of the land, at least for the exact circumstances of that case.

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The inferior courts in the federal system have somewhat less political importance, since their principal duty is to settle routine cases where no constitutional question is at stake. At the ground level are the District Courts with about two hundred district judges scattered over the United States. These courts handle both civil and criminal cases that come under the jurisdiction of the Federal laws. By the Constitution they are required to give a jury trial in all except civil cases involving less than twenty dollars.
The District Courts have original jurisdiction in nearly all cases. That is they collect the facts. The district court is the only Federal court where trials are held, juries are used, and witnesses are called. Criminal cases are tried by a judge sitting with a jury whose duty is to hear the evidence, the speeches of prosecuting and defending counsel, the remarks of the judge and reach a unanimous decision as to whether the accused is guilty or not of the crime he is charged with.

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In the United States, the judiciary (which is a collective term for courts and judges) is divided into the national (federal) and state judiciary. Each is independent of the other with the exception that the United States Supreme Court may, under special circumstances involving federal questions, review a state court decision. Jurisdiction of particular courts of judges is determined by either the national or state constitutions and laws.
The states all have their own courts: a Supreme Court, superior courts, local courts. Some states have courts of small claims.

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Alice: Paul, what are you going to do at your laboratory classes today?
Paul: I’m going to work on 1_______.
Alice: And do you often work at the computer centre?
Paul: Not very often. But I like to work on a computer. It does the work of many human beings at fantastically high speeds.
Alice: Well, if I’m not mistaken it’s primarily a calculating machine.
Paul: Oh, 2_______. A computer usually replaces people in dull, routine 3_______. It works according to the instructions. Alice: Well, I see. In my opinion, 4_______.
Paul: Exactly.