Вопрос № 911607 - Английский язык

In digital television broadcasting, there are three competing standards that are likely to be adopted worldwide. These are the ATSC, DVB and ISDB standards. All three standards use MPEG-2 for video compression. ATSC uses Dolby Digital AC-3 for audio compression, ISDB uses Advanced Audio Coding (MPEG-2 Part 7) and DVB has no standard for audio compression but typically uses MPEG-1 Part 3 Layer 2. The choice of modulation also varies between the schemes.
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In digital television broadcasting, there are three competing standards that are likely to be adopted worldwide. These are the ATSC, DVB and ISDB standards. All three standards use MPEG-2 for video compression. ATSC uses Dolby Digital AC-3 for audio compression, ISDB uses Advanced Audio Coding (MPEG-2 Part 7) and DVB has no standard for audio compression but typically uses MPEG-1 Part 3 Layer 2. The choice of modulation also varies between the schemes.
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The broadcast media industry is at a critical turning point in its development, with many countries moving from analogue to digital broadcasts. This move is made possible by the production of cheaper, faster and more capable integrated circuits. The chief advantage of digital broadcasts is that they prevent a number of complaints with traditional analogue broadcasts. For television, this includes the elimination of problems such as snowy pictures, ghosting and other distortion. These occur because of the nature of analogue transmission, which means that perturbations due to noise will be evident in the final output. Digital transmission overcomes this problem because digital signals are reduced to discrete values upon reception and hence small perturbations do not affect the final output.

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The fixed-line telephones in most residential homes are analogue – that is, the speaker’s voice directly determines the signal’s voltage. Although short-distance calls may be handled from end-to-end as analogue signals, telephone service providers are transparently converting the signal to digital for transmission before converting them back to analogue for reception. The advantage of this is that digitized voice data can travel side-by-side with data from the Internet and can be perfectly reproduced in long distance communication (as opposed to analogue signals that are inevitably impacted by noise).

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Telephone lines were designed to carry the human 1_______, not electronic data from a computer. Modems were invented to convert 2_______ computer signals into a form that allows them to travel over the 3_______ lines. Those are the scratchy sounds you hear from a modem’s speaker. A modem on the other end of the line can understand it and 4_______ the sounds back into digital information that the computer can understand. By the way, the word modem stands for MOdulator/DEModulator.

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Buying and using a modem used to be relatively easy. Not too long ago, almost all modems transferred data at a 1_______ of 2400 Bps (bits per second). Today, modems not only run faster, they are also loaded with features like error control and data compression. So, in addition to converting and interpreting signals, 2_______ also act like traffic cops, monitoring and regulating the flow of 3_______. That way, one computer doesn’t send information until the receiving computer is ready for it. Each of these features, modulation, error control, and data compression, requires a separate kind of 4_______ and that’s what some of those terms you see like V.32, V.32bis, V.42bis and MNP5 refer to.