Вопрос № 933312 - Английский язык

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A debtor is a person or a business that owes money, goods, or services to another. Whatever is owed is generally called the debt. The creditor is the one to whom the debt is owed. A legally enforceable debt normally arises out of a contract where something of value has been exchanged for a promise to provide money, goods, or services.

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Narcotics, when abused, can cause serious mental and physical harm. There exist laws, which make certain narcotic-related activities criminal offenses. The activities include selling or offering to sell, possessing, transporting, administering or giving narcotics without a license, except by medical prescription.

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One who obtains money or other property from another person by lying about a past or existing fact is guilty of false pretenses (also known as false representation). This crime differs from larceny because the victim parts with the property voluntarily. False pretenses is a type of fraud.

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1_______. Actually the word law is very difficult to define. There is a field of law that is known as “jurisprudence”, which analyzes the concept of law and is concerned with the philosophy of law. 2_______.
In considering the numerous definitions of law and philosophy of law it must be recognized that one of the roles of law is to maintain order and that this is the function of the criminal laws. 3_______. Between these two extremes of what might be called law and order on the one hand and settlement of disputes on the other, there are many situations that cannot be so clearly defined. 4_______. If he fails to do so, or if he fails to declare all his income or takes improper deductions, he may be subjected to penalties, but he has also failed to live up to his obligations to society. In any event it is important that one bear in mind that the law is not simply a statement of rules of conduct but is also the means whereby remedies are afforded when one person has wronged another.

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One of the views of law is that it is a method of social control – an instrument of social, political, and economic change. 1_______. It is difficult to determine whether the law brings about changes in our society or whether changes of society bring about a change in the law. 2_______. The law-responding to the goals, desires, needs, and aspirations of society is in a constant state of change. 3_______. In this event the law and our legal system provide leadership in bringing about changes. At other times our society is ahead of the law in moving in new directions, and changes are brought about by the people who act according to their new attitude and convictions. When these changes are accepted by the rest of society, it often happens that the law then gives approval and recognition of the changes, and the law has thus been brought into line with the changing needs of society. 4_______. As a result of this laws have been enacted that require that devices be installed to control pollution. Here the public pressure resulted in the enactment of laws and the law was a follower rather than a leader. It is important to note that the law is not static – that it is constantly changing and that the impetus for the changes may come from many different sources.

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In the USA statutes must be in keeping with the constitutions – federal and state – and the courts can overrule a statute that is found to violate constitutional provisions. 1_______. Also included under this heading are treaties that by the federal constitution are also a part of the law of the land. 2_______. It is nor proper to call this “unwritten” law because it is in fact in writing. 3_______. When a court decides a case, particularly upon an appeal from a lower-court decision, the court writes an opinion setting forth among other things the reasons for its decision. From these written opinions rules of law can be deduced, and these make up the body of what is called case law or common law. 4_______.