Вопрос № 912194 - Английский язык

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The police have many functions in the legal process. Though they are mainly concerned with criminal law, they may also be used to enforce judgments made in civil courts. As well as gathering information for offences to be prosecuted in the courts, the police have wide powers to arrest, search and question people suspected of crimes and to control the actions of members of the public during public demonstrations and assemblies. In some countries, the police have judicial functions, for example, they may make a decision as to guilt in a driving offense and impose a fine, without the involvement of a court, in Britain, when someone is found in possession of marijuana, the police may confiscate it and issue a formal warning rather than refer the matter to a court.
The mere presence of the police is a factor in deterring people from committing, offences.

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Checks and Balances
1. The U.S. Constitution establishes three branches for the federal government: executive, legislative, and judicial. The three branches work together to help the country. Each branch has its own responsibilities and powers. No branch has more power than the other branches. They have balanced powers. Each branch has separate duties to check the powers of the other branches.
2. When a new state – the USA – was born, the Founders of the state thought that if there was no balance of power among different branches of government it would lead to tyranny. The problem was how to create a system of government with balanced powers. That’s why James Madison (1751 – 1836) favored the constitution that limited government by means of a) separation of powers; b) a system of checks and balances, where checks – limitation of the duties of each branch, and balances – separate powers to each branch.
3. Congress has the power to make laws, but the President may veto any act of Congress. Congress, in its turn, can pass a law over a veto by a two-thirds vote in each house. Congress can also refuse to provide funds requested by the President. The President can appoint important officials of his administration, but they must be approved by the Senate. The President also has the power to name all federal judges: they, too, must be approved by the Senate.
4.  The system of checks and balances makes compromise and consensus necessary. This system protects against extremes. It means, for example, that new presidents cannot radically change governmental policies just as they wish.
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What is understood by the term «case law»?

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The bailiff is an officer of the court whose duties are to keep order in the courtroom, to call witnesses, and to take charge of the jury as instructed by the court at such times as the jury may not be in the courtroom, and particularly when, having received the case, the jury is deliberating upon its decision. It is the duty of the bailiff to see that no one talks with or attempts to influence the jurors in any manner.

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The court reporter has the duty of recording all proceedings in the courtroom, including testimony of the witnesses, objections made to evidence by the attorneys and the ruling of the court thereon, and listing and marking for identification any exhibits offered or introduced into evidence. In some states, the clerk of the court has charge of exhibits.

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1_______. He must be a native-born citizen at least 35 years old. 2_______. But he must pay a federal income tax on the whole amount. He gets an added $40,000 tax-free, for travel and entertaining, and is provided a home - the White House.
3_______. He recommends many laws to the Congress and requires money for Federal Government operations. If he refuses to sign a bill passed by the Congress, a two-thirds vote of both houses is needed to overrule his veto and make the bill a law. 4_______. He is aided by an elected Vice President.
Under the U.S. Constitution a sitting President may be removed from office by an impeachment process whereby the House of Representatives, upon sufficient evidence, brings a “bill of impeachment” voted for by two-thirds of its membership. Next comes a trial in the Senate, with the Chief Justice of the United States acting as the judge and the Senators as the jury.

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Governments have many ways of making sure that citizens obey the law. 1_______. They use police forces to investigate crimes and catch criminals. They authorize courts to complete the investigation of criminal and civil offences and to pass sentences to punish the guilty and deter others. 2_______. Which of these is most effective in enforcing the law?
3_______. Many people do not know where to find these records and do not find it easy to read them. But ignorance of the law is almost never a defence for breaking it. 4_______. Sometimes this seems very harsh, for example, when the law is very technical. Shopkeepers in England have been prosecuted for selling books on Sunday, although they were allowed to sell magazines. However, there are many laws, such as those prohibiting theft, assault and dangerous driving which simply reflect social and moral attitudes to everyday behavior. In such cases a person knows he is breaking the law, even if he doesn’t know exactly which law it is.