Вопрос № 605461 - Английский язык

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An integral part of management theory, which concerns itself with laws and ways of optimizing organizational structures of various industrial units. The basic principle recognized by all scholars is that an organization should have a design, which will make it possible to realize its strategy. That is why it is recommended that organizational structure should be designed first from top management and then all the way down to subordinates. Three main steps of creating organizational structures can be defined:
- to divide the organization in the horizontal dimension into wide blocks corresponding to basic types of activities on strategy realization;
- to define the range of rights and duties for different positions in the organization;
- to determine basic production functions, assign their performance to concrete people and, if need be, attach several subordinates for effective work to these managers.
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The design of the organization will make it possible to realize its __________________.

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Two sayings sum up the “spirit of an organization”. One is the inscription on Andrew Carnegie’s tombstone: “Here lies a man who knew how to enlist in his service better men than himself”. The other is the slogan of the drive to find jobs for the physically handicapped: “It’s the abilities, not the disabilities, that count”.
Management by objective tells a manager what he ought to do. The proper organization of his job enables him to do it. But it is the spirit of the organization that determines whether he will do it. It is the spirit that motivates, that calls upon a man’s reserves of dedication and effort, that decides whether he will give his best or do just enough to get by.
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Management by objective tells a manager what ___________________.

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The test of good spirit is not that “people get along together”; it is performance, not conformance. “Good human relations” are not grounded in the satisfaction of good performance and the harmony of proper working relations is actually poor human relations and result in poor spirit. They do not make people grow; they make them conform and contract. We will never forget the university president who once said: “It is my job to make it possible for the first-rate teacher to teach. Whether he gets along with his colleagues or with me – and very few of really good teachers do either – is irrelevant”. And when his successor substituted for this a policy of “peace and harmony”, both the performance and the spirit of the faculty rapidly went to pieces.
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When president’s successor substituted for this a policy of “peace and harmony”, both the performance and the spirit of the faculty rapidly went ___________________.

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A man should never be appointed to a managerial position if his vision focuses on people’s weaknesses rather than on their strengths. He should be a realist; and no one is less realistic than the cynic. A man should never be appointed if he is more interested in question “Who is right?” than in the question “What is right?” Management should never appoint a man who considers intelligence more important than integrity.
The men with whom a man works, and especially his subordinates, know in a few weeks whether he has integrity or not. They may forgive a man a great deal: incompetence, ignorance, insecurity or bad manners. But they will not forgive him lack of integrity. Nor will they forgive higher management for choosing him.
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If man’s vision focuses on people’s weaknesses rather than on their strengths he should never be appointed to ________________________.

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The efficiency of management and accordingly the efficiency of business depend entirely on a properly constructed and organized control system in the company, on effective and well-created management tree. Adequate reaction of all the branches of management and execution is an important factor from the point of view of decision-making. Before giving an order it is necessary to have a certain idea of how it will be carried out on the bottom of the hierarchy. Otherwise it will be impossible to plan something, to expect certain economic results, or to control the production. Here it is important to take into consideration the factor of equal understanding and interpretation of any orders, assignments and commands. Thus, the management technology should imply that the results of the company’s activity as less as possible depend on a specific person occupying a specific position.
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It will be impossible to plan something, to expect certain economic results, or ___________________.

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Such notions as luck and fortunes, as well as the risk the owner of an enterprise runs when organizing his business play a great role in business. These notions also depend on the company’s adequate behaviour (a good driver can predict the behaviour of his automobile on steep turns of the road). Sometimes we try to combine these two completely different technologies in one person: both properly constructed and adequate management system and successful realization of risky business operations. However, we should not do that, as each of them is a sort of a talent, which does not directly depend on the other one. They form a tandem, which leads to the success and prosperity of companies and even states. Someone creates a scheme of a plane, while another one constructs it.
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Such notions as luck and fortunes, as well as the risk the owner of an enterprise runs when organizing his business _____________________.