Вопрос № 1072390 - Английский язык

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Criminal courts
1. Both criminal and civil courts in England and Wales primarily hear evidence and aim to determine what exactly happened in a case. Broadly speaking, the lower courts decide matters of fact and the upper courts normally deal with points of law. About 95% of all criminal eases in England and Wales are tried in the Magistrates’ Courts which deal with petty crimes, that is, less serious ones. In certain circumstances the court may commit an accused person to the Crown Court for more severe punishment, either by way of a fine or imprisonment.
2. Except in cases of homicide, children under 14 and young persons – that is, minors between 14 and 17 years of age – must always be tried summarily, meaning without a jury, by a Youth Court. A Youth Court is a branch of the Magistrates' Court. Indictable offences, that is, more serious ones such as theft, assault, drug dealing, and murder, are reserved for trial in the Crown Court. In almost all criminal cases, the State, in the name of the Crown, prosecutes a person alleged to have committed a crime.
3. In England and Wales, a jury of twelve people decides whether the defendant is guilty of the crime she or he is charged with. The Crown Court may hear cases in circuit areas. From the Crown Court, appeal against conviction or sentence lies to the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal. If leave to appeal is granted by that court, cases may go on appeal to the House of Lords.
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Where are children under 17 tried?

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Criminal courts
1. Both criminal and civil courts in England and Wales primarily hear evidence and aim to determine what exactly happened in a case. Broadly speaking, the lower courts decide matters of fact and the upper courts normally deal with points of law. About 95% of all criminal eases in England and Wales are tried in the Magistrates’ Courts which deal with petty crimes, that is, less serious ones. In certain circumstances the court may commit an accused person to the Crown Court for more severe punishment, either by way of a fine or imprisonment.
2. Except in cases of homicide, children under 14 and young persons – that is, minors between 14 and 17 years of age – must always be tried summarily, meaning without a jury, by a Youth Court. A Youth Court is a branch of the Magistrates' Court. Indictable offences, that is, more serious ones such as theft, assault, drug dealing, and murder, are reserved for trial in the Crown Court. In almost all criminal cases, the State, in the name of the Crown, prosecutes a person alleged to have committed a crime.
3. In England and Wales, a jury of twelve people decides whether the defendant is guilty of the crime she or he is charged with. The Crown Court may hear cases in circuit areas. From the Crown Court, appeal against conviction or sentence lies to the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal. If leave to appeal is granted by that court, cases may go on appeal to the House of Lords.
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The two kinds of 1_______ are solicitors and barristers.
Solicitors make up the largest branch of the legal 2_______ in England. They are found in every town, where they deal with all the day-today work of preparing legal 3_______ for buying and selling houses, making wills, etc. Solicitors also work on court cases for their clients, prepare cases for 4_______ to present in the higher court, and may represent their client in a magistrates’ court. Barristers defend or prosecute in the higher courts.

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According to the Constitution, which was adopted by national referendum on 12 December 1993 Russia is a federation and formally a presidential-parliamentary republic, wherein the President is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government. The presidential-parliamentary system, or premier-presidential system, is a system of government in which a president and a prime minister are both active participants in the day-to-day administration of the state. It differs from a parliamentary republic in that it has a popularly elected head of state who is more than a purely ceremonial figure, and from the presidential system in that the cabinet, although named by the president, is responsible to the legislature, which may force the cabinet to resign.
The Russian Federation is fundamentally named a representative democracy.
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What does the presidential-parliamentary system mean?

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Judiciary power is vested in the system of courts comprising Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, Supreme Court of Arbitration and regional courts, whose judges are appointed by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the president, interpret laws and can cancel laws they consider to be unconstitutional. According to the Constitution, the justice in the court is based on the equality of all citizens, judges are independent and subject only to the law, trials are to be open and the accused is guaranteed a defense. Since 1996, Russia has introduced a moratorium a the death penalty, although capital punishment has not been abolished by law.
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What does the system of courts in Russia consist of?

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The UK is a monarchy and has a parliamentary government. This means that there is no clear-cut separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches. The ministers of the executive branch are drawn from the legislative body (Parliament) and are accountable to that body. In such a system, the head of government is both chief executive and chief legislator.
Parliament, the law-making body (legislature) of the British people, consists of three elements: the Monarch, or Sovereign (King or Queen), and the Houses of Parliament constituted by an elected House of Commons and an appointed House of Lords. They meet in the Palace of Westminster together only on occasions of ceremonial significance, such as the state opening of Parliament, although the agreement of all three is necessary for legislation.
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What does Parliament consist of?