Прочитайте текст. For hundreds of thousands of years prehistoric people lived by hunting fishing gat...: ответ на тест 1104861 - Английский язык

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For hundreds of thousands of years, prehistoric people lived by hunting, fishing, gathering wild plants. Then about 8000 B.C., people took the first steps toward the agriculture. Some tribes discovered that plants could be grown from seeds. They also learned that certain animals could be tamed and then raised in captivity. These two discoveries marked the beginning of the domestication of plants and animals. Scholars believe that domestication began in the Middle East and then spread to surrounding areas. People could thus build permanent settlements. Some of these settlements developed into the first cities. Some of these cities, in turn, produced the world first civilizations. The first great civilizations arose in two regions of the Middle East. One region was the Nile River Valley of Egypt. The other was Mesopotamia. Both regions had fertile soil, but neither received enough rain for crops to grow.
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Plant culture began a great many years ago. The most 1_______ plants in the world are said to have been grown 4,000 years ago.
There 2_______ very many species of plants. But the best known to most people are those that are useful to men. They are grown and cultivated by 3_______ and are called farm crops. These crops are used for many different purposes.
Some are used directly by man, some are consumed by animals, and others are used in industry and 4_______. We can certainly expect new uses to be found and the value of other plants to be discovered.

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Soil consists chiefly of mineral particles mixed with decaying organic matter. Chemical reactions involving these substances produce most of the nutrients that crops need. To be fertile, therefore, soil must consist of the right mixture of minerals, organic matter, and helpful microbes. It must also have the proper amounts of air and water.
After deciding which crops to grow, farmers analyze their soil to learn if any nutrients are insufficient or lacking. To get an accurate analysis, most farmers send samples of the soil to a soil-testing laboratory. To test results help farmers plan a scientific fertilizer program for their crops. Effective soil management also includes methods of soil conservation.
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Agronomists use the world “pests” in referring to weeds, plant diseases, and insects that threaten crops. Most farmers control pests with chemicals called pesticides. Scientists have developed hundreds of pesticides for use on farms. Each one is designed to fight certain of weeds, plant diseases, or harmful insects. All pesticides must be with extreme care. If they are used improperly, they may pollute the environment or the food supply and so endanger people’s health.
Farmers also use other methods of pest control in addition to pesticides. For example, turning the soil with a plough or mechanical cultivator kills most weeds. However, special pesticides called herbicides control weeds more thoroughly than soil turning does. Some herbicides remain active in the soil for some time and so kill weed seedlings as develop.
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Farmers harvest their field crops with machines. They use combines to harvest most grain and seed crops, including barley, corn, rice, soybeans, and wheat. A combine performs several tasks. First, it cuts the plant stalks. Then, it threshes the cuttings – that is, separates the grain or seeds from the straw and other residues. The combine returns the residues to the ground and collects the grain or seeds in a tank or bin.
Some farmers harvest corn with special machines. The machines pick the ears from the stalks but do not remove the grain from the ears. Special machines are also used to harvest other field crops, including peanuts, potatoes, and sugar beets. Some machines mow such crops as alfalfa and clover. The moved crops are left on the ground, where they dry and become hay. Machines called hay balers gather the hay and bind it into bales.
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Livestock are domestic animals that are used to produce food and many other valuable products. The chief kinds of livestock raised throughout the world are cattle, hogs, poultry, sheep, and horses. Other kinds of livestock include donkeys, goats, mules, and rabbits. In some countries, farmers raise lamas, reindeer, buffaloes and yaks. The science of raising, breeding, and caring for livestock is called animal science.
Several thousand years ago, people began to domesticate and raise various kinds of livestock. The use of domesticated animals as a source of food and power made it possible for people to settle in one place. They then could begin farming. Through the centuries, farmers improved their livestock through various breeding methods.
In most parts of the world, livestock provide such food products as meat, butter, cheese, eggs, and milk. The skins of some livestock provide such valuable by-products as fur, hair, leather, and wool.
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