Вопрос № 256481 - Английский язык

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Dr Robert Kronisch, a sports medicine consultant in San Jose who recently completed a study of serious mountain biking injures. He discovered the incidence of damage far higher than for jogging or most other sports. Interviewing 265 riders, he found that more than twenty per cent had suffered injuries serious enough to require medical attention last year.
Many of the interviewers for the Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine were from US mountain bike clubs, which suggests that they were advanced riders, possibly more likely to their machines over difficult routes.
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He discovered _______.

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In England all the doctors may take part in the Family Doctor System. They may have private practice receiving the pay directly from the patients for their medical advice. Health Service doctors are paid by the government. The pay depends on the number of patients they have served every month. The hospital service includes general and special hospitals, tuberculosis sanatoria, infectious units and all forms of specialized treatment together with the provision of most surgical and medical needs.
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What does the pay depend on?

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To understand the great work, which Joseph Lister did, we must know the conditions the hospitals in those early days of the 19th century. Operating rooms were usually in separate buildings so that the other patients in the hospital could not hear the screams of the unhappy patient who was strapped to the operating table. Because of the terrible pain, the surgeon had to operate as quickly as possible. The operating tables were little better than kitchen tables. Under these tables a tub of sand was placed to catch the blood from the operation. The instruments were often not even washed.
The surgeons were not indifferent or careless. They had simply no understanding at all of the bad effects of dirt. They were sorry that their patients died so often but they did not connect this with dirt.
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The operating tables were _______.

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In Lister’s time there was a woman whose name is known all over the world shows how the reasons of the effects of dirt were found. Her name was Florence Nightingale.
Nightingale’s contributions to the evolution of nursing as a profession were invaluable. Before she undertook her reforms, nurses were largely untrained personnel who considered their job a menial chore; through her efforts the status of nursery was raised to a medical profession with high standards of education and important responsibilities. In 1907, she became the first woman to receive the British Order of Merit. She died in London in 1910 on August 13. Her works were translated in many languages. Florence Nightingale’s new kind of nursing went hand in hand with Joseph Lister’s work.
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Florence Nightingale’s new kind _______.

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During Lister’s early days as a surgeon, silk ligatures were used. Their ends were left outside the wound until the surgeon could pull them out. This system was not good.
Lister knew that the human body could absorb foreign particles. He wondered whether antiseptic silk might be absorbed too.
In 1867, he made the first experiment. The patient was an old horse. Lister cut open the horse’s neck and tied a silk signature around an artery. He sewed up the opening. One stormy night many years later when Lister was in bed with the flu he learned that the horse was dying. Lister rushed to the stable and by the light of a lantern he opened up the neck of the horse. He saw what he had hoped to see: the silk had been neatly walled off by surrounding tissue. Now he knew that it was no longer necessary to remove the ligatures used inside the body.
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Lister cut open the horse’s neck _______.

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Beside his work on antiseptics, Joseph Lister made many other contributions to the surgery. Among them was the use of catgut ligature.
To find a material stronger than silk, Lister experimented for over a year. Finally he found catgut. Lister became famous all over the world. Surgeons could now do different operations thanks to antiseptic methods. Lister had become a national and world hero. Gradually, other surgeons began to adopt Lister’s methods. They learned that germs in the air were not the chief danger. The big danger came from germs that might be on the hands or clothes of the surgeons or on the surgical instruments or bandages.
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Gradually, other surgeons began _______.