Вопрос № 1072310 - Английский язык

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Civil engineering deals with the design of large buildings, roads, bridges, dams, canals, railway lines, airports, tunnels and other constructions. A civil engineer must have a thorough knowledge of the properties and mechanics of construction materials, the mechanics of structures and soils and of hydraulics. Among the main subdivisions in this field are construction engineering, transports engineering and hydraulic engineering.

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Wood has been a highly used building material since prehistoric times. Among other highly used construction materials there are concrete, steel, brick, stone, and plastics. They all differ in their properties and in the methods of usage. Construction materials are known to differ in strength, hardness, fire- and corrosion-resistance durability, and, naturally, cost.

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Metals began to be widely used as construction materials not so long ago. Before the beginning of the nineteenth century metals played little structural role in the process of building. Mostly they served for joining parts of buildings. The ancient Greeks and Romans are known to use bronze for joining slabs of stone.
It was only in the eighteenth century when the first all-metal structure was built in Europe. It was a cast-iron bridge across the river Severn in England. The strength of the bridge turned out to be so great that now, more than two centuries after its construction, it still carries heavy modern traffic across the Severn.
In the first half of the nineteenth century cast iron and wrought iron were introduced and used for industrial construction in Europe and North America.

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The main functions of windows are light and ventilation. 1_______. In those faraway days windows were frequently produced in shops. 2_______. What are the necessary components of a window? 3_______. The area of glass in windows of different types is determined according to the regulations. 4_______.

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Prestressed concrete is a relatively young product. 1_______. The reason of its popularity is its usefulness. 2_______. In prestressed concrete, concrete is combined with steel. 3_______. For this reason any member of beam is under constant compression and as a result has no cracks. 4_______.

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Suspended plaster ceilings have been in use already for several decades. 1_______. Suspended ceiling is a finish ceiling. 2_______. Among them the most widely used are gypsum, board, plaster, and various boards made of fibers. 3_______. Ceilings produced of fibrous materials are classified as acoustical ceilings. 4_______.