Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения. The Italian scientist Lu...: ответ на тест 1072612 - Английский язык

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The Italian scientist Luigi Galvani spent much of his life studying electricity. He found out that a dead frog’s legs contract when they are attached to an iron board by brass hooks. He suspected that there was electricity in the frog’s muscles, which he named animal electricity. Another Italian scientist, Alessandro Volta, challenged this idea. He believed that the two metals had reacted together to make the electricity. Neither theory was entirely correct. Galvani also carried out experiments with electric charges. An instrument for measuring electric current is called a galvanometer in his honor.

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An electric current is a flow of electricity. There are two kinds of electricity, positive and negative. Glass rubbed with silk is positively charged, ebonite rubbed with fur is negatively charged.
Like charges repel, unlike charges attract. The leaf electroscope is used to detect, distinguish and measure charges.
The ultimate particle of negative electricity is called the electron; that of positive electricity is called the proton.

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Rays of light like all forms of energy that travel in waves can be reflected. Light rays are reflected. Light rays are reflected when they hit a shiny or silvered surface, such as a still pool of water or a mirror. Reflection involves two light rays and the reflected, or outgoing, ray, which bounces off the reflecting surface. The two rays are at identical angles to the reflecting surface on either side of an imaginary line.

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The discovery of X-rays in 1895 by the Prussian physicist Wilhelm Rontgen saw the beginning of a new age of physics. Thinking that the rays were unrelated to light and being uncertain of their nature, he called them X-rays. Rontgen discovered that when X-rays were directed through the body of a living person, the bones cast shadows on a photographic plate placed behind the body. X-rays are now also used in concentrated doses to treat cancer. Rontgen was the first person to be awarded the Nobel Prize for physics, which he received in 1901. The name Rontgen is now given to a unit of radiation, either X-rays or gamma rays.

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Rene Descartes was a French philosopher and mathematician. 1_______. He wrote some works in Latin. 2_______. He lived and worked in many different European countries. Descartes developed the science of geometry into the discipline that most schoolchildren know today. 3_______. He is generally accepted to be the father of modern Western philosophy. 4_______.

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Mathematics has a language of its own. 1_______. The earliest recorded numbers were marks made on a stick. 2_______. Eventually these groups were given symbols of their own and a system of arithmetic developed. 3_______. They also introduced special words to express new ideas. 4_______.