Вопрос № 115365 - Английский язык

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                                                 Sex Roles in America
1. Historians have argued that the early colonists in this country granted women a higher status than they had held in England. One reason for the break with English custom was the importance of women's labor in colonial times. Each family had to be virtually self-sufficient, so the work of both sexes was vitally important.
2. In the nineteenth century middle-class women did not work outside the home. Economic and political doings were men's responsibilities; the domestic side of life was the domain of women. The family was regarded as a kind of retreat from the stress and tension of the workaday world; a good wife provided an atmosphere of tranquility, affection, and warmth.
3. During the mid-nineteenth century the western migration, the abortion and social-reform movement, the Civil War, missionary activity, and industrialism had the combined effect of undermining the cult of True Womanhood by involving women in activities outside the home. Yet despite the departure of many women from family-centered concerns, our gender ideals and attitudes about sex roles are still rooted in the nineteenth-century belief in the «rightness» of man-as-provider, woman-as-homemaker.
4. Today, although these stereotypes persist, they have been weakened by several forces. One of the truths that has emerged from psychological research is that there is no such thing as a «pure» masculine personality or a «pure» feminine personality. There are traits of autonomy and dependency, aggression and passivity, in all of us, male and female. Any given personality is a complex mix of all these traits. Another factor that has weakened stereotypes about the sexes is the realization that the stereotypes are not «natural» but, rather, are created by the society.
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How have gender stereotypes been changed since the 19th century?

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                                                 Sex Roles in America
1. Historians have argued that the early colonists in this country granted women a higher status than they had held in England. One reason for the break with English custom was the importance of women's labor in colonial times. Each family had to be virtually self-sufficient, so the work of both sexes was vitally important.
2. In the nineteenth century middle-class women did not work outside the home. Economic and political doings were men's responsibilities; the domestic side of life was the domain of women. The family was regarded as a kind of retreat from the stress and tension of the workaday world; a good wife provided an atmosphere of tranquility, affection, and warmth.
3. During the mid-nineteenth century the western migration, the abortion and social-reform movement, the Civil War, missionary activity, and industrialism had the combined effect of undermining the cult of True Womanhood by involving women in activities outside the home. Yet despite the departure of many women from family-centered concerns, our gender ideals and attitudes about sex roles are still rooted in the nineteenth-century belief in the «rightness» of man-as-provider, woman-as-homemaker.
4. Today, although these stereotypes persist, they have been weakened by several forces. One of the truths that has emerged from psychological research is that there is no such thing as a «pure» masculine personality or a «pure» feminine personality. There are traits of autonomy and dependency, aggression and passivity, in all of us, male and female. Any given personality is a complex mix of all these traits. Another factor that has weakened stereotypes about the sexes is the realization that the stereotypes are not «natural» but, rather, are created by the society.
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Our planet is in grave danger _____ human activity.

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The Smithsonian Institution is a large group of different museums, scientific building and collections in Washington, D.C., established in 1846 using money left by James Smithson, an English scientist. The Institution holds some 139 million exhibits “for the increase and diffusion of knowledge”. Nine Smithsonian museums are located between the Washington Monument and the Capitol. A three-level underground building that opened in 1987 houses two museums and the S. Dillon Ripley Center, which includes the International Gallery, offices and classrooms. Five other museums and the Zoo are elsewhere in Washington, and both the Cooper-Hewitt National Museum of Design and the new National Museum of the American Indian are in New York City.
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How many Smithsonian museums are located in Washington?

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Modern Architecture
1. Modern architecture is the term universally applied to the style of building, which evolved a number of countries after the First World War as the International Style and which has culminated in the current design of glass, concrete and steel based on module construction presently being erected all over the world.
2. In the early 20th century an instinctive desire of architects to break away from the confusions and contrivances of the 19th century, and their efforts to introduce a style which responded to new social needs and exploited new materials led to the changed appearance of buildings; simple rectangular outlines; avoidance of symmetry; absence of applied ornament; flat roofs and white walls, resulting from the use of reinforced concrete, now the favorite material; large windows, which new structural techniques permitted, but which were encouraged also by the spirit of the times, which believed in opening up the interiors of buildings to light and air.
3. Until the 1930s, Germany was the main center of new architecture because of the presence there of a unifying institution, the Bauhaus, a college of design, which became synonymous with modern teaching methods in architecture.
4. In the years after 1945 the emphasis was on town-planning and housing. This was the era of new towns, vast housing estates. In matters of architectural style, it became less a question of conflict between period revival and modern design than between buildings designed for effect and those that aimed at the creation of a modern vernacular and a humane and harmonious environment. The Modern Movement cannot be said to have had a clear historical end. It always exited concurrently with other ways of designing.
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New Year’s Day, January 1. It is customary for people to remain awake until after midnight on December 31st so that you may “watch the old year out and the new year in”. Many parties are given on this night. The theatres, night clubs, and restaurants are crowded.
When midnight comes, everyone at a party stops whatever they are doing to greet the New Year. The favourite song for a New Year’s Eve party is “Auld Lang Syne”. The title of the song means “Time Long Past”.
The traditional words of the song were written down by the eighteenth century Scottish poet Robert Burns.
The people gather in the streets of the big cities. They ring bells. They blow whistles and automobile horns. Some shoot off guns and firecrackers.
After celebrating the New Year’s arrival, many people spend this day visiting friends.
Составьте словосочетания из следующих слов
1. old
2. night
3. favourite
4. traditional