Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами. In ancient Russia 1_______ flou...: ответ на тест 1046211 - Английский язык

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In ancient Russia 1_______ flourished for the first time in Kiev Russ. Unfortunately only a few of the church buildings of that period have remained, among them the famous Cathedral of St Sophia, the 2_______ of which was laid in 1037 to commemorate the victory over the Pechenegs. The churches of that time were strong 3_______ with thick walls and small windows. They often had to serve as 4_______ against enemy invasions. During the Second World War the finest ancient architectural monuments were destroyed and great effort has gone into restoring them.

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We can not ignore the heritage of the past. There are different 1_______ and kinds of architecture in the past around the world. It is not a secret, that various cultures have left their imprint on history through their great 2_______ and buildings, great castles and cathedrals. The oldest monuments which are met within 3_______ are great structures such as Egyptian pyramids, the Parthenon in Athens, the Roman Pantheon, and Hagia Sophia in the “New Rome”, Constantinople, great castles and cathedrals of the Middle Ages, the palaces of the Renaissance and the civil engineering infrastructure of the industrial revolution. Great architects and engineers followed an integrated 4_______ of conception, design and construction.

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What has mankind always realized?
Mankind has always realized that buildings to be complete must have not only “convenience” and “strength”, but also “beauty”. Some people think that architecture is not a fine art at all. For such people the world of fine arts is something entirely set apart from ordinary living and that its single purpose should be satisfying of physical necessities. At the same time architecture is a matter of pictures or sculpture, poems or music. The architect has the task of being an artist as well as an inventive engineer.

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When will nylon operate satisfactorily without lubrication?
A new material as nylon has been accepted. It is material for the manufacture of bearings and runners of all sizes in many types of machines, earth-moving equipment and agricultural machinery due to its fundamental characteristics of low friction and good wear resistance. Nylon is a very versatile material and is capable of overcoming a wide range of difficult problems. It will operate satisfactorily without lubrication in an abrasive atmosphere. One of its features is that nylon functions under water or is immersed in any other liquid. Being non-toxic nylon is frequently used in food machinery. Nylon gears usually do not require lubrication, they are shock-resistant, do not deform permanently and – running in train with metal gears – they outlast them.

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What did Greek houses have in the middle?
Greek houses had a courtyard in the middle and round their courtyard ran a covered walk, its ceiling supported by pillars. There were special women’s quarters, usually upstairs on the second storey.
In Rome bricks were used for building and houses were often finished with plaster over bricks on both inside and outside walls. The centre of family life was a garden-courtyard, surrounded by columns and with rooms opening out into it.
The earliest houses in Britain were round, built of wood or wicker basket work plastered over with clay. In the centre of the house was the hearth and light came in through the hole in the roof above it and through the door because there were no windows.

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Writing on architecture is almost as old as writing itself. There are a lot of books on the theory of architecture, on the art of a building and on the aesthetic appearance of buildings. The oldest book is a work of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, written in the first century B.C. Nearly two thousand years ago the Roman architect Vitruvius set the principles upon which buildings should be designed and aims to guide the architect. He was the first who listed three basic factors in architecture – “convenience, strength and beauty”. The sequence of these three basic aims – “convenience, strength and beauty” – has its own significance. These three factors are always present and are always interrelated in the best structures. It is impossible for a true architect to think of one of them without considering the other two as well.