Вопрос № 893160 - Английский язык

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                                            Forest health
1. The importance of pests and their negative impacts on forests are often underestimated. Pest outbreaks can contribute either directly or indirectly to economic and environmental losses. Insects and diseases can have adverse effects on tree growth and survival, yield and quality of wood and non-wood products, wildlife habitat, recreation and scenic and cultural value. Yet they are integral components of forests.
2. Invasive plant species can also cause damage through competition and prevention of regeneration of native tree species, posing new challenges especially to the in situ conservation of forest biological diversity. Pollution is another threat to forest health and vitality.
3. Insects and diseases influence the health of natural and planted forests, trees also outside forests and other wooded lands. Movement of insects and diseases has been facilitated by increased long-range air travel and reduced travel time, increased international trade of agricultural and forest products, and the exchange of plant material. Forest pests can be extremely destructive, as seen in recent years in both developed and developing countries.
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What does forest health depend on?

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                                            Forest health
1. The importance of pests and their negative impacts on forests are often underestimated. Pest outbreaks can contribute either directly or indirectly to economic and environmental losses. Insects and diseases can have adverse effects on tree growth and survival, yield and quality of wood and non-wood products, wildlife habitat, recreation and scenic and cultural value. Yet they are integral components of forests.
2. Invasive plant species can also cause damage through competition and prevention of regeneration of native tree species, posing new challenges especially to the in situ conservation of forest biological diversity. Pollution is another threat to forest health and vitality.
3. Insects and diseases influence the health of natural and planted forests, trees also outside forests and other wooded lands. Movement of insects and diseases has been facilitated by increased long-range air travel and reduced travel time, increased international trade of agricultural and forest products, and the exchange of plant material. Forest pests can be extremely destructive, as seen in recent years in both developed and developing countries.
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                                            Mangroves
1. Mangroves are the characteristic littoral plant formations of tropical and subtropical sheltered coastlines. Generally speaking, mangroves are trees and shrubs growing below the high-water level of spring tides. Their root systems are thus regularly inundated with saline water, even though it may be diluted due to freshwater surface run-offs and only flooded once or twice a year. Mangroves depend on terrestrial and tidal waters for their nourishment, and on coastal soils and silt deposits from upland erosion as substrate for support.
2. Mangroves are among the most productive terrestrial ecosystems and are a natural, renewable resource. However, the world's mangroves are beleaguered. Mangroves are losing their habitats as rivers are dammed, their waters diverted and the intertidal zone extensively developed for agriculture or aquaculture and generally dried up.
3. The depletion of mangroves is a cause of serious environmental and economic concern to many developing countries. This stems from the fact that at the interface between the sea and the land, mangroves play a pivotal role in moderating monsoonal tidal floods and in coastal protection. The continuing degradation and depletion of this vital resource will reduce not only terrestrial and aquatic production and wildlife habitats, but more importantly, the environmental stability of coastal forests that provide protection to inland agricultural crops and villages will become seriously impaired.
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                                                   Botany
1. Botany is a branch of biology that involves the scientific study of plant life. Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines concerned with the study of plants, algae and fungi, including structure, growth, reproduction, metabolism, development, diseases, chemical properties, and evolutionary relationships between taxonomic groups. Today botanists study over 550,000 species of living organisms.
2. The study of plants is vital as they are a fundamental part of life on Earth, which generates oxygen, food, fibres, fuel and medicine that allow humans and other life forms to exist. Through photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that in large amounts can affect global climate. Additionally, plants allow us to produce food to feed an expanding population, produce medicine and materials, understand environmental changes more clearly.
3. Virtually all foods eaten come from plants, either directly from staple foods and other fruit and vegetables, or indirectly through livestock or other animals, which rely on plants for their nutrition. Plants are the fundamental base of nearly all food chains because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that can be consumed and utilized by animals.
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Plasma Cutters
1. Modern industry depends on the manipulation of heavy metal and alloys. We need metals to build the tools and transportation necessary for day-to-day business. The reason is simple: metals are extremely strong and durable, so they're the logical choice for most things that need to be especially big, especially sturdy, or both.
2. The funny thing is that metal's strength is also a weakness: because metal is so good at resisting damage, it's very difficult to manipulate and form into specialized pieces. People can precisely cut and manipulate the metals using the plasma cutter. The plasma cutter is actually a common tool that has been around since World War II.
3. Plasma cutters are not the only devices to harness the power of plasma. Neon signs, fluorescent lighting and plasma displays, just to name a few, all rely on it to get the job done. These devices use "cool" plasma. Though cool plasma cannot be used to cut metals, it has tons of other useful applications.
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How Batteries Work
1. An electrical battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first Voltaic pile in 1800 by Alessandro Volta, the battery has become a common power source for many household and industrial applications.
2. Inside the battery itself, a chemical reaction produces the electrons. The speed of electron production by this chemical reaction (the battery's internal resistance) controls how many electrons can flow between the terminals. Electrons flow from the battery into a wire, and must travel from the negative to the positive terminal for the chemical reaction to take place. That is why a battery can be stored on a shelf for a year and still have plenty of power. Once you connect a wire, the reaction starts.
3. Batteries may be used once and discarded, or recharged for years as in standby power applications. Miniature cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids and wristwatches; larger batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer data centers.
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