Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения. The bailiff is an office...: ответ на тест 912195 - Английский язык

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The court reporter has the duty of recording all proceedings in the courtroom, including testimony of the witnesses, objections made to evidence by the attorneys and the ruling of the court thereon, and listing and marking for identification any exhibits offered or introduced into evidence. In some states, the clerk of the court has charge of exhibits.

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The Courts of Appeals were organized to relieve the Supreme Court of pressure resulting from accumulation of appellate cases. In general these courts have final jurisdiction over the great mass of litigation not involving constitutional questions. For example, parties from different states have their case heard in a high Federal Court without going to the Supreme Court. A United States Court of Appeals generally comprises three judges. (The Chief Justice and associate justices of the Supreme Court are authorized to assign additional circuit court judges to such courts as may need them).
A Court of Appeals accepts the facts sent up to it by the lower courts, and therefore does not need a jury. Its work is to decide on disputed questions of law. As a rule the Court of Appeals sits with three judges together on the bench. This court’s principal duty is to protect the Supreme Court from routine cases of no political importance. Its decision may be so clear and well grounded that the Supreme Court will refuse to go into the question further, in which case the Court of Appeals has stated the supreme law of the land, at least for the exact circumstances of that case.

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The court reporter has the duty of recording all proceedings in the courtroom, including testimony of the witnesses, objections made to evidence by the attorneys and the ruling of the court thereon, and listing and marking for identification any exhibits offered or introduced into evidence. In some states, the clerk of the court has charge of exhibits.

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1_______. He must be a native-born citizen at least 35 years old. 2_______. But he must pay a federal income tax on the whole amount. He gets an added $40,000 tax-free, for travel and entertaining, and is provided a home - the White House.
3_______. He recommends many laws to the Congress and requires money for Federal Government operations. If he refuses to sign a bill passed by the Congress, a two-thirds vote of both houses is needed to overrule his veto and make the bill a law. 4_______. He is aided by an elected Vice President.
Under the U.S. Constitution a sitting President may be removed from office by an impeachment process whereby the House of Representatives, upon sufficient evidence, brings a “bill of impeachment” voted for by two-thirds of its membership. Next comes a trial in the Senate, with the Chief Justice of the United States acting as the judge and the Senators as the jury.

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Governments have many ways of making sure that citizens obey the law. 1_______. They use police forces to investigate crimes and catch criminals. They authorize courts to complete the investigation of criminal and civil offences and to pass sentences to punish the guilty and deter others. 2_______. Which of these is most effective in enforcing the law?
3_______. Many people do not know where to find these records and do not find it easy to read them. But ignorance of the law is almost never a defence for breaking it. 4_______. Sometimes this seems very harsh, for example, when the law is very technical. Shopkeepers in England have been prosecuted for selling books on Sunday, although they were allowed to sell magazines. However, there are many laws, such as those prohibiting theft, assault and dangerous driving which simply reflect social and moral attitudes to everyday behavior. In such cases a person knows he is breaking the law, even if he doesn’t know exactly which law it is.

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The great majority of judges spend at least part of their time hearing civil cases. Many judges sit on courts that hear only civil cases, and some specialize even more narrowly, serving permanently on courts or divisions that handle only probate, domestic relations, or bankruptcy cases.
In most respects, the powers and responsibilities of judges in civil cases are similar to those in criminal cases.
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The great majority of judges spend at least part of their time hearing …