Вопрос № 911790 - Английский язык

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Magna Carta
1. At the heart of the English system are two principles of government – limited government and representative government. The idea that government was not all-powerful first appeared in the Magna Carta, or Great Charter, that King John signed in 1215 under the threat of civil war.
2. Earlier kings of England had issued charters, making promises to their barons. But these were granted by, not exacted from the king and were very generally phrased. Later the tension between the Kings and the nobility increased. In 1199, 1201, and 1205 John's barons had to be promised their rights. It is, therefore, not surprising that Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, directed baronial unrest into a demand for a solemn grant of liberties by the king. The document known as the Articles of the Barons was at last agreed upon and became the text from which the final version of the charter was drafted and sealed by John on June 15, 1215.
3. The Magna Carta established the principle of limited government, in which the power of the monarch, or government, was limited, not absolute. This document provided for protection against unjust punishment and the loss of life, liberty, and property except according to law. It stipulated that no citizen could be punished or kept in prison without a fair trial. Under the Magna Carta, the king agreed that certain taxes could not be levied without popular consent. Although the Magna Carta was originally intended to protect aristocracy and not the ordinary citizens, it came in time to be regarded as a cornerstone of British liberties, and is one of the oldest written constitutional papers.
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Magna Carta
1. At the heart of the English system are two principles of government – limited government and representative government. The idea that government was not all-powerful first appeared in the Magna Carta, or Great Charter, that King John signed in 1215 under the threat of civil war.
2. Earlier kings of England had issued charters, making promises to their barons. But these were granted by, not exacted from the king and were very generally phrased. Later the tension between the Kings and the nobility increased. In 1199, 1201, and 1205 John's barons had to be promised their rights. It is, therefore, not surprising that Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, directed baronial unrest into a demand for a solemn grant of liberties by the king. The document known as the Articles of the Barons was at last agreed upon and became the text from which the final version of the charter was drafted and sealed by John on June 15, 1215.
3. The Magna Carta established the principle of limited government, in which the power of the monarch, or government, was limited, not absolute. This document provided for protection against unjust punishment and the loss of life, liberty, and property except according to law. It stipulated that no citizen could be punished or kept in prison without a fair trial. Under the Magna Carta, the king agreed that certain taxes could not be levied without popular consent. Although the Magna Carta was originally intended to protect aristocracy and not the ordinary citizens, it came in time to be regarded as a cornerstone of British liberties, and is one of the oldest written constitutional papers.
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What political situation necessitated the granting of the Magna Carta?

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From Monday to Thursday the House of Commons, when in session, meets daily in the early afternoon. Most members of the House of Commons do not attend Parliament all the time it is in session, but at least 50 members must be present.
The House of Lords meets on only three days a week, for hours. Not more than 100 peers take part in the regular work of the House. The rest of them appear only on ceremonial occasions.

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Mr Gregory Nagarajan was well known to London Regional Transport. He had previously pursued various racial 1_______ claims against both them and London Underground. Here, he 2_______ for a job as a Travel Information Assistant with London Regional Transport. He attended an interview but was unsuccessful in securing 3_______. He claimed that this was because the interview panel knew that he had previously brought discrimination claims against the organization and that they had been influenced by that 4_______.

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Mr and Mrs James both 1_______ swimming at their local pool. They were both 61 years of age. Mrs James was allowed a free swim because she was 2_______ but her husband was asked to pay 75 pounds because he was not. The Council had not intended to discriminate against 3_______ pensioners; it was merely observing the ages at which 4_______ received their pension.

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Margo applies for a teaching job at her local 1______. She is shortlisted and attends an interview. Before the interview the school 2_______ informs the interview panel that he does not want to appoint a woman. He asks them to reject all female 3______. Margo is interviewed along with two other women and one man, Michael. Michael is offered the job. He has fewer qualifications and less teaching 4_______ than Margo and the other women.