Вопрос № 911715 - Английский язык

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Traffic means everything and everybody is using the roads. Trams and buses taking people to school or to work are traffic. Cars and motorcycles are traffic. People riding bicycles on the roads are traffic. You are a part of the traffic when you walk along the pavement or across the road. Today more people live in cities. As a result, there is a great deal of traffic and many of the roads are too narrow. That is why there are a great many accidents. In cities all over the world thousands of people die or are hurt in traffic accidents. Some people say we must improve our roads. We do it by making them wider and straighter. Accidents often happen on narrow roads or on corners. Drivers cannot see around corners. They cannot see traffic coming towards them. When roads are improved, corners are changed. That is a very good idea to improve the roads.

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In recent years, serious traffic problems have developed in most large cities. Many cities have experimented with different ideas for controlling the traffic. For example, in some places, they have established ‘park and ride’ systems, where people can park their cars and travel into the city by bus. Other cities have introduced a complete ban on certain days of the week.
New technology has also made other solutions possible. In some cities, for example, they have placed automatic posts in the middle of roads into the city centre. These posts prevent cars from entering the city centre, but when taxis, buses and ambulances approach them, they automatically disappear into the ground.
Many city councils have also put computers and scanners on all roads into the city. Drivers have to buy a special electronic card and put it in their car. When the car has passed through a scanning machine, a computer checks the card and allows the car to go through. Drivers who have not remembered to put their card into their car cannot take their cars into the city.

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The slowest aircraft are helicopters, which can hover in the air without moving. Aircraft with wings have to fly above a certain speed, otherwise they will crash. However, pedal-powered aircraft flew across the English Channel for the first time. Its average speed was 8 miles an hour – or faster than you can run!

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The electric charge is also called electricity. We can generate electricity to illuminate our cities or we can store it in a battery to transport it. 1_______. Copper is a good conductor so we use it in electric wires. 2_______.
A simple electric circuit includes a battery with chemical paste, a carbon rod, a wire and a light bulb. The chemical paste contains an excess of electrons so when you connect the two poles of the battery, the copper wire attracts electrons. 3_______. When they arrive at the filament inside the bulb, they produce heat and emit light. 4_______.

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Our history includes many great scientists. 1_______. Some of these changes were fundamental and scientists call them paradigm shifts. Before Copernicus’ time, most people in the West believed that the Earth was the centre of the universe and that everything else revolved around it. 2_______. Isaac Newton made a mechanical description of the universe and wrote laws of motion and gravitation and this led to the industrial revolution. 3_______. Albert Einstein explained, among other things, that everything comes from the same energy, that we are all parts of the same whole. 4_______. In some cases, however, the application of new knowledge has also caused destruction. History teaches us that opposites are inherent to nature – we construct and destroy, believe and doubt.

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1_______. Before that time Russia had no automobile industry at all, technical schools had no departments to train specialists in automobile engineering.
2_______.
The first automobile built by Shanshurenkov, a Russian inventor, was put into motion by the pedaling of the driver himself.
3_______. Mamin was one of the pioneers in Russian internal combustion engines.
4_______.