Вопрос № 284191 - Английский язык

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International trade means there are more companies competing with each other to sell their products. This means lower prices, which is good for customers because they pay less and have more choice. Producers, however, make less profit. Multinational companies often look for ways to reduce their costs, for example, by manufacturing their products in countries where labour costs are cheap.

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Many companies set up subsidiaries overseas, either for manufacturing or for distribution, or both. These companies are called multinationals – Shell, Ford, and Sony are examples. Most multinational companies “think global and act local”. This means that they try to understand and cater for the needs of every market they sell in.

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When a company is small it cannot sometimes enter a foreign market. It can sign a licensing agreement with a foreign firm. A license is a legal agreement in which one firm gives another a right to manufacture and sell its product. A company that obtains this right pays the licenser a royalty. Royalty is a certain percentage of the income from the sale of the product. Businesses that have patents or trademarks usually can use licensing to protect them against counterfeiters. The licensee gains a successful product and the know-how. The licenser often controls the quality of the goods which the licensee produces, because high quality guarantees the reputation of the licenser. The licensee chooses the selling strategies because he knows more about how to sell the product in the foreign market.

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There are various ways in which criminal offences may be classified. From the point of view of procedure, criminal offences may be 1________ into indictable, summary and hybrid 2________. Indictable offences are those which may be 3________ on indictment, i.e. by a jury; this is the only category 4_______ to the common law, and it includes all the most serious offences.

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Marriage creates a status which may affect 1________ rights of the parties and their  2________ with respect to other persons. Therefore we must 3_______ the legal effects of 4_______ first of husband and wife and then of parent and child.

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Law may be said to consist of rules for the 1_______ of man in his 2_______ with other men and in his relation to organized society. A single person, if isolated, would be 3________ by such rules, since they operate only in the presense of other persons. Of course, there are 4________ pertaining to physical matters, but with these we are not concerned.