Вопрос № 256505 - Английский язык

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It may be assumed that a body consists of small particles or molecules, between which forces are acting. These molecular forces resist the change in the form of the body which external forces tend to produce. If such external forces are applied to the body, its particles are displaced and the mutual displacements continue until equilibrium is established between the external and internal forces. It is said in such a case that the body is in a state of deformation or strain. During deformation the external forces acting upon the body do work, and this work is transformed completely or partially into the potential energy of strain. An example of such an accumulation of potential energy in a strained body is the case of a watch spring. If the forces which produced the deformation of the body are now gradually diminished, the body returns wholly or partly to its original shape and during this reversed deformation the potential energy of strain, accumulated in the body, may be recovered in the form of external work.
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Molecular forces resist the change in the form of the body which external forces tend _________________.

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Materials Science and Technology is the study of materials and how they can be fabricated to meet the needs of modern technology. Using the laboratory techniques and knowledge of psychics, chemistry, and metallurgy, scientists are finding new ways of using metals, plastics and other materials.
Engineers must know how materials respond to external forces, such as tension, compression, torsion, bending, and shear. All materials respond to these forces by elastic deformation. That is, the materials return their original size and form when the external force disappears.

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Thermodynamics is that branch of physics which deals with the conversion of mechanical energy into thermal energy and the reverse process of transforming heat into work.
The production of heat by mechanical means may be illustrated by the phenomenon of friction. For example, fire may be started while rubbing together two sticks of wood. Heat is developed when compressing a gas. The transformation of heat into work may be illustrated by operation of a steam or gas engine by means of which heat may be transformed into mechanical energy.
So a heat engine is a machine for transforming heat into mechanical energy, the most important of the practical heat engines being the steam engine and the internal combustion engines.
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The production of heat by mechanical means may be illustrated _____________.

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To transform energy from any of its numerous forms into heat is a comparatively simple process. To transform heat into work is a different matter. Experience shows that any actual physical process, as the change of state of a system, is irreversible and is accompanied by frictional effect. A strictly reversible frictionless process being an ideal, it may be approached but never attained. In the case of the ideal reversible process, there is no change in the quantity of available energy; but an actual irreversible process is always accompanied by a decrease of the amount of energy available for transformation. All transformations of energy are subject to two far-reaching laws:
1. The general law of conservation of energy
2. The law of degradation of energy.
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Experience shows that any actual physical process is irreversible and is accompanied ___________________.

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The first law of thermodynamics is merely the law of conservation applied to the transformation of heat into work. It may be stated as follows: when work is expended in producing heat the quantity of heat generated is equivalent to the work done; and conversely, when heat is employed to do work, a quantity of heat precisely equivalent to the work done disappears.
The second law of thermodynamics is essentially the law of degradation of energy. Whereas the first law gives a relation that must be satisfied in any transformation of energy, it is the second law that gives information regarding the possibility of transformation and the availability of a given form of energy for transformation into work. A general statement of the second law is: “No change in a system of bodies that takes place of itself can increase the available energy of the system”.
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One of the laws of thermodynamics is the law of conservation applied to the transformation of _________________.

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By 2050 water will have become one of our most serious problems. In many places, agriculture is changing and they are growing fruit and vegetables to export. This uses a lot of water. Demand for water will increase ten times between now and 2050 and there could be serious shortages. Some futurologists predict that water could be the cause of war if we don’t act now.
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Some futurologists predict that _______.