Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого грамматического явления. Refraction...: ответ на тест 1072217 - Английский язык

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Refraction is a property of all types of energy that travels in waves, including light. Light waves normally travel in straight lines, but when they pass from one transparent material to another, they usually refract, or bend. Refraction occurs because light travels at different speeds in different materials. As light from a material with a low density, such as air, enters a material with a high density, such as water, its speed is reduced. This causes it to bend (except when it enters a material at a right angle).

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Light
1. The form of energy that illuminates our world is called light. It usually comes from hot objects, like the sun or fire, but it is also produced by electricity and some chemical reactions. Light is the only part of the electromagnetic spectrum (which includes microwaves, ultraviolet rays, and X-rays) that is invisible to the human eye. It travels at 186,000 miles (300,000 km) per second, and nothing can travel faster. Like other forms of energy, light travels in waves, but it can also travel in packets of energy called quanta. This enables it to travel through a vacuum.
2. Light rays are reflected when they hit a shiny or silvered surface, such as a still pool of water or a mirror. Reflection involves two light rays: the incoming ray and the reflected ray which bounces off the reflecting surface. The two rays are at identical angles to the reflecting surface on either side of an imaginary line.
3. Refraction is a property of all types of energy that travel in waves, including light. Light waves normally travel in straight lines, but when they pass from one transparent material to another, they usually refract, or bend. Refraction occurs because light travels at different speeds in different materials. As light from a material with a low density, such as air, enters a material with a high density, such as water, its speed is reduced. This causes it to bend (except when it enters a material at a right angle).
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Heat is a form of energy that transfers from one object or body to another if there is a difference in temperature between the two. When you are hot, for example, and the air outside your body is cooler, you lose heat to the air. A change in a body’s level of heat results in a change in the energy of its molecules. This gives rise to a temperature change, which may in turn lead to a change of state.

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There are billions of stars in the universe. Stars are massive, energy-filled globes of fiery gases. The force of gravity holds these gases together. At a star’s core, atoms of hydrogen join together to form helium in a process called nuclear fusion. The energy generated by this process produces a star’s heat and light. Collections of stars are called galaxies, and each galaxy contains many different types of stars.

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Compound is a substance in which the atoms of two or more elements are joined together by chemical bonds. Because of these bonds, it is very difficult to split a compound into its individual elements. The type and number of bonds formed depend on the electrons (particles with a negative electrical charge) in each atom. The properties of a compound can be very different from those of the elements it contains. For example, the salt we use in our food is a harmless compound, yet it is made up of two dangerous elements – sodium, which reacts violently with air, and chlorine, which is poisonous in large quantities.

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A chemical reaction occurs when substances change into new substances. For this to happen, the bonds between atoms and molecules must break and re-form in different ways. Because the bonds can be strong, energy, usually in the form of heat, is often needed to start a reaction. The new substances have properties different from those of the original substances. Chemical reactions do not occur only in laboratories; they happen all around us – for example, when cars rust and when food is cooked.