Вопрос № 605395 - Английский язык

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A patented charging technology for all kinds of batteries shortens battery charge times, generates no heat while charging, and extends the battery life 10-fold, to as many as 5,000 charge and discharge cycles. With nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries, the charging time drops 90 per cent or more. The system will charge batteries up to 110 per cent of their manufacturer-rated (nominal) capacities, and restores memory-impaired batteries to 98 per cent of their former capacities. The system is easier on batteries than slow- and fast-charging methods, with over-charge and over-heat batteries by force-feeding current. Using a custom IC, the battery chargers read the electrochemical potential of a battery under charge, and determines its internal condition. They change the flow of current during millisecond-scale periods.
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With nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries, the charging time _________.

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How Batteries Work
1. An electrical battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first Voltaic pile in 1800 by Alessandro Volta, the battery has become a common power source for many household and industrial applications.  
2. Inside the battery itself, a chemical reaction produces the electrons. The speed of electron production by this chemical reaction (the battery's internal resistance) controls how many electrons can flow between the terminals. Electrons flow from the battery into a wire, and must travel from the negative to the positive terminal for the chemical reaction to take place. That is why a battery can be stored on a shelf for a year and still have plenty of power. Once you connect a wire, the reaction starts.
3. Batteries may be used once and discarded, or recharged for years as in standby power applications. Miniature cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids and wristwatches; larger batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer data centers.
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Batteries’ long life is provided by…

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Pyroelectric infra-red sensors consist of a ceramic element, an alumina substrate and a circuit with field effect transistors (FET) and strong resistance, a window material.
To attain excellent sensitivity in a pyroelectric sensor, it is essential to make the pyroelectric element thin enough for a low-heat capacity. The engineers also must work out a specific sensor structure for little heat dissipation.
A pyroelectric infra-red sensor is using a conductive bonding agent to fix the pyroelectric element to the lead terminals of the stem. As a result, the clearance between the element and the alumina substrate holding the circuit remains constant, a construction that avoids heat dissipation. The element itself is between 50 and 100 µm thick, to offer appropriate heat capacity and handling ease.
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The engineers must work out a specific sensor structure for __________________.

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The basic job of computers is the processing of information. For this reason, computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data, perform mathematical and/or logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations. The program, or part of it, which tells the computers what to do and the data, which provide the information needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory.
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The basic job of computers is the processing of __________________.

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Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use punched cards, magnetic tape, disks, and terminals. The computer’s input device (which may be a card reader, a tape drive or disk drive, depending on the medium used in inputting information) reads the information into the computer.
For outputting information, two common devices used are a printer which prints the new information on paper, or a CRT display screen which shows the results on a TV-like screen.
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The computer’s input device reads the information ___________________.

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There are different kinds of computers. Some do only one job over and over again. These are special-purpose computers. But there are some computers that can do many different jobs. They are called general-purpose computers. These are the “big brains” that solve the most difficult problems of science. .They answer questions about rockets and planes, bridges and ships - long before these things are even built. Computers help our space program, our business and industry, medicine and education. They are powerful tools which help to change our life and the world around us.
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There are some computers that can do _____________________.