Вопрос № 223310 - Английский язык

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Two American biochemists, Stanley H. Cohen and Herbert W. Boyer, inaugurated the science of genetic engineering – and its associated field of biotechnology – in 1973. They showed that it was possible to break down DNA into fragments and combine them into new genes, which could in turn be placed in living cells. There they would reproduce each time a cell divided into two parts.

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An electric cell is used to produce and supply electric energy. It consists of an electrolyte and two electrodes. Electrodes are used as terminals, they connect the cell to the circuit - current passes through the terminals and the bulb lights.
Cells can be connected in series, in parallel and in series-parallel. In order to increase the current capacity cells should be connected in parallel. In order to increase the voltage output cells should be connected in series. In case a battery has a large current capacity and a large voltage output, its cells are connected in series-parallel.
When cells are connected in series the positive terminal of one cell is connected to the negative terminal of the second cell, the positive terminal of the second cell - to the negative terminal of the third ... and so on.
When cells are connected in parallel their negative terminals are connected together and their positive terminals are also connected.
In case a cell has a trouble it stops operating or operates badly. This cell should be substituted by another one.

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In some cases it is important for the surgeon to know whether an injured bone has “died” from loss of blood supply.
Few years ago it was necessary to wait several months, and sometimes even a year, for the accurate diagnosis that made treatment possible. Now surgeons have discovered how to find in a few minutes whether the bone has “died”. It is done by using a radioisotope – Sodium 24. When this isotope is pumped into the injured bone, it keeps its radio-activity if the bone is “dead”. But if the bone is still living, the blood carries away the radioisotope within ten minutes.
By measuring the amount of radio-activity left in the bone, the surgeon gets the information about the condition of the injured bone.

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A few years ago a 19-month-old girl was taken to Hammersmith Hospital in London.
She was semiconscious. The doctors examined her carefully and could not find out what was wrong with her.
Soon she became much worse and the doctors thought she would die.
Then one of the nurses who was looking after the little girl suggested to the doctors that she might have thallium poisoning. She told them that she had just read a detective story by Agatha Christie called ‘A Pale Horse’. In this story there was a description of a person who was dying of thallium poisoning. The nurse told the doctors that the way that the girl was behaving was very like the way that the poisoned person in the detective story behaved. She showed the same symptoms as the little girl.
The doctors sent some of the little girl’s blood to the laboratory and asked them to test it for thallium.
The laboratory tests showed that in the girl’s blood there was more than ten times the safe amount of thallium.
The doctors were now able to do something for the child, and four months later she was cured.
And all because the nurse had been reading a detective story by Agatha Christie.

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The cause of fainting may be different: strong emotion, want of food, fatigue or pain.
In fainting the person loses consciousness. Blood doesn’t get to the brain. The face of a person before fainting gets very pale and sweat appears on his forehead. He feels dizzy and weak. His breathing is shallow. His pulse is weak and slow.

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A person who thinks he can cure himself without the doctor’s consultation makes a mistake. There are hundreds of causes of headache and the person doesn’t know what medicine he needs.
He can stop his symptoms but he doesn’t cure the cause of them. The illness may become more serious.
A prescription is usually written for a certain person. Never use medicines prescribed not for you.