Вопрос № 605464 - Английский язык

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The pyramid of management cannot be ideal, as well as it is impossible to draw an ideal picture or to write an ideal poem. The present world of standards and computer control systems differs a lot from that we had some centuries before. However, these are just tools like artful screwdrivers in the hands of mechanics, allowing to operate more intensive administrative flows, and no more than that. Their efficiency and the volume of use depend on experts in business organization and introduction, who get certain orders from those who build the management pyramid. It is very important, that the creator himself set the tasks, as a rule by the main technologist. Business negotiations with partners and maintenance of one’s own interests are quite different from the routine creation of the system, the artful construction of mechanisms of business flows, the coordination of the effective schemes with the executors, and the creation of ergonomic interfaces. As a result there should be a prompt reaction of the system to the accepted decisions, the reaction being adequate on all levels.
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The present world of standards and computer control systems differs a lot from that we had ____________________.

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It will be wrong to say, that any of three systems (authoritarizm, compromise, consensus) is ideal from the point of view of management and decision-making. Each of them is good enough only in case it is properly used in specific time and conditions. That means that the style of management may change if the external changes occur. For example, in crisis period the transition from the compromise to the authoritative system for the bottom management staff can significantly increase labour productivity (this method was used by lots of enterprises during the second war).
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Each of these systems is good enough only in case it is properly used ______________.

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Such notions as luck and fortunes, as well as the risk the owner of an enterprise runs when organizing his business play a great role in business. These notions also depend on the company’s adequate behaviour (a good driver can predict the behaviour of his automobile on steep turns of the road). Sometimes we try to combine these two completely different technologies in one person: both properly constructed and adequate management system and successful realization of risky business operations. However, we should not do that, as each of them is a sort of a talent, which does not directly depend on the other one. They form a tandem, which leads to the success and prosperity of companies and even states. Someone creates a scheme of a plane, while another one constructs it.
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Such notions as luck and fortunes, as well as the risk the owner of an enterprise runs when organizing his business _____________________.

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A person who has an organization talent should organize the business and a talented operator should operate it. The first person should be capable of accepting risky decisions concerning business, while the other one should be a technologist knowing how to organize the business so that the situation in the company was always clear and obvious. Naturally, both the organization and the operation should be conveyed by a full confidence and respect foe everyone’s interests and the rules of the game and sharing the results of activity. Otherwise, one can get a parallel structure in one form or another, headed by a certain person in the company. Often substitution of technologists by other experts indispensable for business can also result in the company’s crash, as a technologist is the only one who can determine the right state of affairs in the company and schedule possible structural and technological variations from the point of view of the efficiency of business in the whole.
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Often substitution of technologists by other experts indispensable for business can also result __________________.

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The construction of an effectively working structure devoid of organizational deformations and making the effective use of the available human resources is an art. A neatly functioning management mechanism, keeping stable in case of any external shaking, is a masterpiece of this art. The mechanism is also capable of successful realization of any risky commercial operations and is sufficient on its development stage. If compared to a sculptor who has clay, the one who creates a hierarchy has three basic tools: consensus, compromise, authoritarizm, as well as an administrative tree of acceptance and carrying out of decisions, on which he manipulates the three tools like brushes or scrapers. Further on, using the listed set of tools, he creates a pyramid (perhaps, pharaohs liked this form because it reminds a hierarchy of management).
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Using the listed set of tools, a man creates __________________.

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At first sight the answer to the question “What is money?” seems obvious; the man or woman in the street would agree on coins and banknotes, but would they accept them from any country? What about cheques? They would probably be less willing to accept them than their own country’s coins and notes but bank money (i.e. anything for which you can write a cheque) actually accounts for by far the greatest proportion by value of the total supply of money. What about credit cards and gold? The gold standard belongs to history but even today many rich people in different parts of the world would rather keep some of their wealth in the form of gold than in official, inflation-prone currencies. The attractiveness of gold, from an esthetic point of view, and its resistance to corrosion is two of the properties, which led to its use for monetary transactions for thousands of years. In complete contrast, a form of money with virtually no tangible properties whatsoever - electronic money - seems set to gain rapidly in popularity.
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The gold standard belongs to _________________.