Вопрос № 1072695 - Английский язык

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The Courts of Appeals were organized to relieve the Supreme Court of pressure resulting from accumulation of appellate cases. In general these courts have final jurisdiction over the great mass of litigation not involving constitutional questions. For example, parties from different states have their case heard in a high Federal Court without going to the Supreme Court. A United States Court of Appeals generally comprises three judges. (The Chief Justice and associate justices of the Supreme Court are authorized to assign additional circuit court judges to such courts as may need them).
A Court of Appeals accepts the facts sent up to it by the lower courts, and therefore does not need a jury. Its work is to decide on disputed questions of law. As a rule the Court of Appeals sits with three judges together on the bench. This court’s principal duty is to protect the Supreme Court from routine cases of no political importance. Its decision may be so clear and well grounded that the Supreme Court will refuse to go into the question further, in which case the Court of Appeals has stated the supreme law of the land, at least for the exact circumstances of that case.

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There are about two hundred district judges in the USA. Cases tried in the district court may be appealed in one of the eleven Courts of Appeal and in the Supreme Court. The decision of the Supreme Court is final. In the US the judiciary is divided into the federal and state judiciary. Jurisdiction of particular courts or judges is determined by either the national or state constitutions and laws. The state courts are organized in a system that looks like the system of Federal Courts with a Supreme Court at the top. In most of the states the lowest courts are the magistrates, or police courts.
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In the US the judiciary is divided into …

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It happened in America not longer after its colonization by the Spaniards. A Spaniard stole an Indian’s horse. 1_______. The Indian applied to the court and brought witnesses who could testify it was his horse. 2_______. The Indian knew this, and he invented a trick how to deceive the judge. 3_______. The judge at once noticed that the Indian had something under his arm and decided the case in the Indian’s favour. He ordered the horse to be returned to the Indian and punished the Spaniard for theft. 4_______. The Indian showed him the stone and told it was meant for the judge in case he would had decided in Spaniard’s favour. It was a good lesson for the bad judge, and he gave up the habit of taking bribes.

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Violence has become an accepted way of life in America. There are different explanations for this phenomenon. 1_______. The weapon is being bought not only by criminals but by law-abiding citizens, too, to protect themselves.
2_______. To buy drugs teenagers need money, so they try to get it by robbing, committing burglary or even murdering people.
3_______. Watching TV, you are being fed with all kind of killings, beatings, gunfights and so on. 4_______. And it’s not surprising that juvenile crime record is constantly growing.

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1_______.
Democracy requires that all people be as free as possible to develop their own capacities. 2_______. That would result in chaos. 3_______. Government in a democracy works to promote that kind of equality.
4_______. People who are out of work or unable to feed their families often become more concerned about security than about voting.

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There are several advantages to using arbitration as a substitute for litigation. For one thing it is much quicker and far less expensive. An issue can be submitted to arbitration and decided in less time than it takes to complete just the pleading phase of a lawsuit. Arbitration also creates less hostility than does litigation, and it allows the parties to continue their business relationship while the dispute is being decided. Finally, under the arbitration process complex issues can be submitted to an expert for decision. For example, if an issue arises concerning construction of a building, by using arbitration it can be submitted to an architect for decision. Besides lawyers other specialists frequently serve as arbitrators; physicians decide issues relating to physical disabilities, certified public accountants decide those regarding the book value of stock, and engineers decide issues relating to industrial production. Of course a substantial amount of arbitration is also conducted by the academic community, especially in the area of labor relations.
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Besides lawyers other specialists frequently serve as …