Вопрос № 256500 - Английский язык

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Thermal radiation
1. Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of charged particles in matter. All matter with a temperature greater than absolute zero emits thermal radiation. The mechanism is that bodies with a temperature above absolute zero have atoms or molecules with kinetic energies which are changing, and these changes result in charge-acceleration and/or dipole oscillation of the charges that compose the atoms. This motion of charges produces electromagnetic radiation in the usual way. However, the side spectrum of this radiation reflects the wide spectrum of energies and accelerations of the charges in any piece of matter at even a single temperature.
2. Examples of thermal radiation include the visible light and infrared light emitted by an incandescent light bulb, the infrared radiation emitted by animals and detectable with an infrared camera, and the cosmic microwave background radiation. Thermal radiation is different from thermal convection and thermal conduction – a person near a raging bonfire feels radiant heating from the fire, even if the surrounding air is very cold.
3. Sunlight is thermal radiation generated by the hot plasma of the Sun. The Earth also emits thermal radiation, but at a much lower intensity and different spectral distribution (infrared rather than visible) because it is cooler. The Earth's absorption of solar radiation, followed by its outgoing thermal radiation are the two most important processes that determine the temperature and climate of the Earth.
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Thermal radiation occurs …

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Thermal radiation
1. Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of charged particles in matter. All matter with a temperature greater than absolute zero emits thermal radiation. The mechanism is that bodies with a temperature above absolute zero have atoms or molecules with kinetic energies which are changing, and these changes result in charge-acceleration and/or dipole oscillation of the charges that compose the atoms. This motion of charges produces electromagnetic radiation in the usual way. However, the side spectrum of this radiation reflects the wide spectrum of energies and accelerations of the charges in any piece of matter at even a single temperature.
2. Examples of thermal radiation include the visible light and infrared light emitted by an incandescent light bulb, the infrared radiation emitted by animals and detectable with an infrared camera, and the cosmic microwave background radiation. Thermal radiation is different from thermal convection and thermal conduction – a person near a raging bonfire feels radiant heating from the fire, even if the surrounding air is very cold.
3. Sunlight is thermal radiation generated by the hot plasma of the Sun. The Earth also emits thermal radiation, but at a much lower intensity and different spectral distribution (infrared rather than visible) because it is cooler. The Earth's absorption of solar radiation, followed by its outgoing thermal radiation are the two most important processes that determine the temperature and climate of the Earth.
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A body possesses energy when due to its position or condition it is capable of doing work and the work it can do is a measure of its energy.
Energy is of two forms: potential energy and kinetic energy. The potential energy of a body is the energy possessed by the body thanks to its position or configuration. For example, a lifted weight has potential energy due to the higher position into which it has been lifted since it can do work as it falls under the action of gravity. The potential energy of the weight in its highest position is the same as its kinetic energy after it has fallen to its lowest position.
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The potential energy of a body is the energy possessed by the body thanks to its __________________.

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There exist many sources of energy in the world both potential and kinetic. One source consists in water falling from a high level such as an upland lake. Another source is wind or moving air. Others consist in tides in the sea, heat from subterranean sources and coal deposits and oil wells yielding mineral oil.
But all these sources and stores of energy are not equally useful to mankind. Moreover some stores of energy such as coal and oil can never be replaced by us when once used up. On the other hand stores of high level water are continually being replaced by rain and wind and tides will not, as far as we know, ever cease to exist. A very important matter is the conversion of energy from one form to another. The form most required by us is mechanical rotational energy.
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Stores of high level water are continually being replaced by rain and wind and tides will not ever ________________.

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Mechanical rotational energy is required to rotate shafts in a factory for driving various machines and also for driving the wheels of vehicles or automobiles or locomotives. The energy of water power is very unequally distributed, some countries such as Norway and Switzerland being rich in it and some such as England poor. England is rich in the potential energy of coal but has little or no oil wells.
Appliances for converting energy from one form to another are called engines. Thus a heat-engine is a machine for converting heat energy into mechanical energy of rotation by the combustion of coal or oil. A turbine or water engine can convert the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical rotational energy.
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The energy of water power is ___________________.

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It may be assumed that a body consists of small particles or molecules, between which forces are acting. These molecular forces resist the change in the form of the body which external forces tend to produce. If such external forces are applied to the body, its particles are displaced and the mutual displacements continue until equilibrium is established between the external and internal forces. It is said in such a case that the body is in a state of deformation or strain. During deformation the external forces acting upon the body do work, and this work is transformed completely or partially into the potential energy of strain. An example of such an accumulation of potential energy in a strained body is the case of a watch spring. If the forces which produced the deformation of the body are now gradually diminished, the body returns wholly or partly to its original shape and during this reversed deformation the potential energy of strain, accumulated in the body, may be recovered in the form of external work.
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Molecular forces resist the change in the form of the body which external forces tend _________________.