Вопрос № 1072160 - Английский язык

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The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals. This property is called a gain. The transistor can control its output in proportion to the input signal, that is, it can act as an amplifier. Transistor also can be used to turn current on or off in a circuit like an electrically controlled switch, where the amount of current is determined by other circuit elements.
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In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of some semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to the external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much larger than the controlling (input) power, transistors provide amplification of a signal. A transistor is a fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and it is used in radios, telephones, computers and other electronic systems. Some transistors are packaged individually but most of them are found in integrated circuits.
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From mobile phones to televisions, a great number of products include amplifiers for sound reproduction, radio transmission, and signal processing. The first discrete transistor audio amplifiers barely supplied a few hundred milliwatts, but power and audio fidelity gradually increased as better transistors became available and amplifier architecture evolved.
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In the 1980s programmable integrated circuits were developed. These 1_______ contained circuits which logical functions and connectivity can be programmed by 2_______, rather than being fixed by 3_______ circuit manufacturers. This allows a single chip to be programmed to implement different LSI-type functions such as logic gates, adders, and registers. Current devices named FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) can now implement tens of thousands of LSI circuits in parallel and 4_______ up to 550 MHz.

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A lot of the computer systems in use today are embedded in other 1_______, such as automobiles (a car has as many as 30 or more microcontrollers), telephones, washing machines, microwave ovens, appliances, and peripherals for computer systems. They are called embedded systems. While some embedded 2_______ are very sophisticated, many of them have minimal requirements for memory and program length, with no operating system, and low software complexity. Typical input and output 3_______ include switches, relays, solenoids, LEDs, small or custom LCD displays, radio frequency devices, and sensors for data such as temperature, humidity, light level, etc. Embedded systems usually have no keyboards, screens, disks, printers, or other recognizable devices of any 4_______ computer.

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The first computer 1_______ on a chip was optimized to control applications – the microcontroller was Intel 8048 released in 1975 with both RAM and ROM on the same chip. This 2_______ went on to be found in over a billion PC keyboards, and numerous applications.
Most microcontrollers at this time had two 3_______. One had an erasable EEPROM program memory, which was significantly more expensive than the PROM variant which was only 4_______ once.