Вопрос № 223121 - Английский язык

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The reflection of 1_______________ waves from aircraft had been observed in England in the early 1930s and the possibility for aircraft detection was discussed in 1934. It was soon realized that radio waves would be the 2________________ alternative to the existing inadequate acoustic warning equipment, which merely listened for the sound of aircraft 3________________ and had too short a range for proper warning of approach of last aircraft. In contrast, experiments indicated that radar could give a warning when the 4_________________ was 100 miles or more away.

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Radar applications
1. The information provided by radar includes the bearing and range (and therefore position) of the object from the radar scanner. It is thus used in many different fields where the need for such positioning is crucial. The first use of radar was for military purposes: to locate air, ground and sea targets. This evolved in the civilian field into applications for aircraft, ships, and roads.
2. In aviation, aircraft are equipped with radar devices that warn of obstacles in or approaching their path and give accurate altitude readings. The first commercial device fitted to aircraft was a 1938 Bell Lab unit on some United Air Lines aircraft. Such aircraft can land in fog at airports equipped with radar-assisted ground-controlled approach systems in which the plane's flight is observed on radar screens while operators radio landing directions to the pilot.
3. Marine radars are used to measure the bearing and distance of ships to prevent collision with other ships, to navigate, and to fix their position at sea when within range of shore or other fixed references such as islands, buoys, and lightships. In port or in harbour, vessel traffic service radar systems are used to monitor and regulate ship movements in busy waters. Police forces use radar guns to monitor vehicle speeds on the roads.
4. Meteorologists use radar to monitor precipitation. It has become the primary tool for short-term weather forecasting and watching for severe weather such as thunderstorms, tornadoes, winter storms, precipitation types, etc. Geologists use specialized ground-penetrating radars to map the composition of Earth's crust.
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Radar equipment makes it possible …

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The principles of radar in a simplified form might be stated as 1________________:
1. electromagnetic radiation at high radio frequencies is 2________________ to detect and locate remote reflecting objects;
2. the radiation is sent out in pulses of a few microseconds’ duration, separated by intervals many times the duration of each pulse;
3. the pulses are returned from the reflecting objects and the returns are detected and displayed by receiving equipment placed at the point of transmission;
4. the distance to the 3________________ is determined by measurement of the time it took the pulses to reach the targets from the transmission equipment and return to it;
5. the directions of the targets are determined by use of highly directive radio 4__________________.

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Sonar (Sound Navigation and Ranging) is employed to locate submerged enemy 1________________. Like radar it is an echo-ranging 2__________________. It operates in the following way - a ship 3________________ a sound wave into the water. Encounting an obstacle the wave is reflected back to the ship, which – since the speed of sound through water is known - determines its distance from the object from the time it took the echo to return. To create the original sound wave, the ship generates 4________________ signals in а transmitter; it then sends these to a transducer, positioned on its keel as deeply in the water as possible. The transducer converts the signals into sound and transmits them through the water.

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The 1________________ is basically a three-section device composed of two outside sections and a middle section. The two outside 2______________ are doped so that they are either P- or N-tуре, and the middle section is doped opposite to the outside sections. Transistors are 3_________________ as NPN or PNP according to the doping of the sections or elements. When the two outside sections are N-type 4_________________ and the middle section is a P-type, the transistor is an NPN-type. When the two outside sections are P-types and the middle is N-type, the transistor is a PNP-type.

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Experts believe that some boys are spending so much time playing computer games and watching violent films that they are living in a fantasy world. When girls talk about using home computers, they often discuss different types of software that they use for learning. Boys simply talk about computer games. When 14-year-old girls were asked what they would like to do in the future, they mentioned realistic jobs such as vet, teacher or doctor. The boys' answers were either very vague such as, "I just want to be happy and have lots of money" or unrealistic and they said things such as, "I want to be a fighter pilot”.
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What is the topic of girls’ discussion about using home computers?